539 research outputs found
Investigation of laser ablated ZnO thin films grown with Zn metal target: a structural study
High quality ZnO thin films were gown using the pulsed laser deposition
technique on (0001) AlO substrates in an oxidizing atmosphere, using a
Zn metallic target. We varied the growth conditions such as the deposition
temperature and the oxygen pressure. First, using a battery of techniques such
as x-rays diffraction, Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy and atomic force
microscopy, we evaluated the structural quality, the stress and the degree of
epitaxy of the films. Second, the relations between the deposition conditions
and the structural properties, that are directly related to the nature of the
thin films, are discussed qualitatively. Finally, a number of issues on how to
get good-quality ZnO films are addressed.Comment: To be published in Jour. Appl. Phys. (15 August 2004
Two-dimensional electron crystals in single and double layers
We present results of Monte-Carlo simulations for finite 2D single and
bilayer systems. Strong Coulomb correlations lead to arrangement of particles
in configurations resembling a crystal lattice. For binary layers, there exists
a particularly rich variety of lattice symmetries which depend on the
interlayer separation . We demonstrate that in these mesoscopic lattices
there exist two fundamental types of ordering: radial and orientational. The
dependence of the melting temperature on is analyzed, and a stabilization
of the crystal compared to a single layer is found.Comment: To be published in Contrib. Plasma Phys., 6 pages, 3 figures, uses
cpp2e.cls (included
Sub-monolayer nucleation and growth of complex oxide heterostructures at high supersaturation and rapid flux modulation
We report on the non-trivial nanoscale kinetics of the deposition of novel
complex oxide heterostructures composed of a unit-cell thick correlated metal
LaNiO3 and dielectric LaAlO3. The multilayers demonstrate exceptionally good
crystallinity and surface morphology maintained over the large number of
layers, as confirmed by AFM, RHEED, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. To
elucidate the physics behind the growth, the temperature of the substrate and
the deposition rate were varied over a wide range and the results were treated
in the framework of a two-layer model. These results are of fundamental
importance for synthesis of new phases of complex oxide heterostructures.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Nearly strain-free heteroepitaxial system for fundamental studies of pulsed laser deposition: EuTiO3 on SrTiO3
High quality epitaxial thin-films of EuTiO3 have been grown on the (001)
surface of SrTiO3 using pulsed laser deposition. In situ x-ray reflectivity
measurements reveal that the growth is two-dimensional and enable real-time
monitoring of the film thickness and roughness during growth. The film
thickness, surface mosaic, surface roughness, and strain were characterized in
detail using ex situ x-ray diffraction. The thicnkess and composition were
confirmed with Rutherford Backscattering. The EuTiO3 films grow
two-dimensionally, epitaxially, pseudomorphically, with no measurable in-plane
lattice mismatch.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry
Generalized Smoluchowski equation with correlation between clusters
In this paper we compute new reaction rates of the Smoluchowski equation
which takes into account correlations. The new rate K = KMF + KC is the sum of
two terms. The first term is the known Smoluchowski rate with the mean-field
approximation. The second takes into account a correlation between clusters.
For this purpose we introduce the average path of a cluster. We relate the
length of this path to the reaction rate of the Smoluchowski equation. We solve
the implicit dependence between the average path and the density of clusters.
We show that this correlation length is the same for all clusters. Our result
depends strongly on the spatial dimension d. The mean-field term KMFi,j = (Di +
Dj)(rj + ri)d-2, which vanishes for d = 1 and is valid up to logarithmic
correction for d = 2, is the usual rate found with the Smoluchowski model
without correlation (where ri is the radius and Di is the diffusion constant of
the cluster). We compute a new rate: the correlation rate K_{i,j}^{C}
(D_i+D_j)(r_j+r_i)^{d-1}M{\big(\frac{d-1}{d_f}}\big) is valid for d \leq
1(where M(\alpha) = \sum+\infty i=1i\alphaNi is the moment of the density of
clusters and df is the fractal dimension of the cluster). The result is valid
for a large class of diffusion processes and mass radius relations. This
approach confirms some analytical solutions in d 1 found with other methods. We
also show Monte Carlo simulations which illustrate some exact new solvable
models
Pulsed Laser Ablation Growth and Doping of Epitaxial Compound Semiconductor Films
Pulsed laser ablation (PLA) has several characteristics that are potentially attractive for the growth and doping of chemically complex compound semiconductors including (1) stoichiometric (congruent) transfer of composition from target to film, (2) the use of reactive gases to control film composition and/or doping via energetic-beam-induced reactions, and (3) low-temperature nonequilibrium phase formation in the laser-generated plasma ``plume.`` However, the electrical properties of compound semiconductors are far more sensitive to low concentrations of defects than are the oxide metals/ceramics for which PLA has been so successful. Only recently have doped epitaxial compound semiconductor films been grown by PLA. Fundamental studies are being carried out to relate film electrical and microstructural properties to the energy distribution of ablated species, to the temporal evolution of the ablation pulse in ambient gases, and to beam assisted surface and/or gas-phase reactions. In this paper the authors describe results of ex situ Hall effect, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering measurements that are being used in combination with in situ RHEED and time-resolved ion probe measurements to evaluate PLA for growth of doped epitaxial compound semiconductor films and heterostructures. Examples are presented and results analyzed for doped II-VI, I-III-VI, and column-III nitride materials grown recently in this and other laboratories
Laser-Solid Interaction and Dynamics of the Laser-Ablated Materials
Rapid transformations through the liquid and vapor phases induced by laser-solid interactions are described by the authors` thermal model with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to determine the vaporization temperature under different surface pressure condition. Hydrodynamic behavior of the vapor during and after ablation is described by gas dynamic equations. These two models are coupled. Modeling results show that lower background pressure results lower laser energy density threshold for vaporization. The ablation rate and the amount of materials removed are proportional to the laser energy density above its threshold. The authors also demonstrate a dynamic source effect that accelerates the unsteady expansion of laser-ablated material in the direction perpendicular to the solid. A dynamic partial ionization effect is studied as well. A self-similar theory shows that the maximum expansion velocity is proportional to c{sub s}{alpha}, where 1 {minus} {alpha} is the slope of the velocity profile. Numerical hydrodynamic modeling is in good agreement with the theory. With these effects, {alpha} is reduced. Therefore, the expansion front velocity is significantly higher than that from conventional models. The results are consistent with experiments. They further study how the plume propagates in high background gas condition. Under appropriate conditions, the plume is slowed down, separates with the background, is backward moving, and hits the solid surface. Then, it splits into two parts when it rebounds from the surface. The results from the modeling will be compared with experimental observations where possible
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