Agricultural Problems and Economic Growth in East Pakistan

Pakistan came into existence on August 14, 1947, by the partitioning of what was British India. The basis for the division was the desire of the Moslem population of India to form a sovereign state. Since the country was established in the sections of India which were predominantly Moslem, Pakistan emerged in the form of two blocks, East and West Pakistan. They are two provinces separated from each other by over 1000 miles

Effect of temperature up-shift on fermentation and metabolic characteristics in view of gene expressions in Escherichia coli

Abstract Background Escherichia coli induces heat shock genes to the temperature up-shift, and changes the metabolism by complicated mechanism. The heat shock response is of practical importance for the variety of applications such as temperature-induced heterologous protein production, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) etc. However, the effect of heat shock on the metabolic regulation is not well investigated. It is strongly desired to understand the metabolic changes and its mechanism upon heat shock in practice for the efficient metabolite production by temperature up-shift. In the present research, therefore, we investigated the effect of temperature up-shift from 37°C to 42°C on the metabolism in view of gene expressions. Results The results of aerobic batch and continuous cultivations of E. coli BW25113 indicate that more acetate was accumulated with lower biomass yield and less glucose consumption rate at 42°C as compared to the case at 37°C. The down- regulation of the glucose uptake rate corresponds to the down-regulation of ptsG gene expression caused by the up-regulation of mlc gene expression. In accordance with up-regulation of arcA, which may be caused by the lower oxygen solubility at 42°C, the expressions of the TCA cycle-related genes and the respiratory chain gene cyoA were down-regulated. The decreased activity of TCA cycle caused more acetate formation at higher temperature, which is not preferred in heterologous protein production etc. This can be overcome by the arcA gene knockout to some extent. The time courses of gene expressions revealed that the heat shock genes such as groEL, dnaK, htpG and ibpB as well as mlc were expressed in much the same way as that of rpoH during the first 10–20 minutes after temperature up-shift. Under microaerobic condition, the fermentation changed in such a way that formate and lactate were more produced due to up-regulation of pflA and ldhA genes while ethanol was less produced due to down-regulation of adhE gene at higher temperature as compared to the case at 37°C. Conclusion The present result clarified the mechanism of metabolic changes upon heat shock from 37°C to 42°C based on gene expressions of heat shock genes, global regulators, and the metabolic pathway genes. It is recommended to use arcA gene knockout mutant to prevent higher acetate production upon heat shock, where it must be noted that the cell yield may be decreased due to TCA cycle activation by arcA gene knockout.</p

Goos-Haenchen induced vector eigenmodes in a dome cavity

We demonstrate numerically calculated electromagnetic eigenmodes of a 3D dome cavity resonator that owe their shape and character entirely to the Goos-Haenchen effect. The V-shaped modes, which have purely TE or TM polarization, are well described by a 2D billiard map with the Goos-Haenchen shift included. A phase space plot of this augmented billiard map reveals a saddle-node bifurcation; the stable periodic orbit that is created in the bifurcation corresponds to the numerically calculated eigenmode, dictating the angle of its "V". A transition from a fundamental Gaussian to a TM V mode has been observed as the cavity is lengthened to become nearly hemispherical.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Developing a Machine Learning Tool to Optimize Thermal Transport

One of the largest problems facing the world today is energy. Not only does much of the world use non-renewable energy, but the majority of that energy is lost as waste heat. One area of study that aims to solve this problem is thermoelectrics. Thermoelectrics encompasses a wide range of methods and materials but this paper will only cover superlattice structures and how they can be used to convert waste heat into electrical energy. There arises a problem in this of what the best structure is. The method used to optimize the superlattice structure is a genetic algorithm. This method mimics natural selection by first, creating a set of structures (initial population), calculating the thermal conductivity for those structures (evaluating fitness), and selecting the best structures to create the next generation (selection), and finally, performing crossover and mutation on the previously selected structures to create the new population (crossover and mutation). The results of this method show a significant improvement in minimizing thermal conductivity from the initial to the final structures, with the final structures showing a thermal conductivity approximately one-fourth that of the initial structures. Not only is there an improvement in thermal conductivity, but as the optimization process goes on, one can see the spread of results for each generation getting smaller. This method will prove to optimize thermoelectric materials, which can be further implemented in real products to reduce waste heat

CE methods for the determination of non-protein amino acids in foods: Review

In addition to the 20 amino acids universally distributed as protein constituents in living organisms, there are other amino acids of non-protein origin that can be found in foods. The determination of these non-protein amino acids is interesting since they can be indicative of the quality and safety of foods. This work presents for the first time an updated and comprehensive review devoted to show the possibilities of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of non-protein amino acids in food samples. The results reported have been classified according to the chemical structure of the non-protein amino acid studied. Separation conditions as well as detection systems used have been detailed since most of these amino acidic compounds do not possess chromophore groups detectable by conventional UV-Vis detection, being in this case necessary a previous derivatization step. Finally, the application of microchip electrophoresis to the determination of non-protein amino acids in foodstuffs is also included in this revie

Bridging Semantics with Ontologies

Stilianos Vidalis, and Olga Angelopoulou, ‘Assessing Identity Theft in the Internet of Things’, journal of IT Governance Practice, Vol. 2 (1): 15-21, March 2014. Published by Innovative Information Science & Technology Research Group (ISYOU).Semantic metadata enables contextual and relevant data to be identified for a particular entity. The use of ontologies creates a bridging mechanism, whereby semantic metadata can be referenced and validated to ensure that relevant and useful information is collected. This also ensures trust and logic can be attained in search functionality. The paper explores the foundations of the research for the design of an Information Gathering tool for the Business Intelligence Domain. The aim of the project is to effectively present next to real-time knowledgeable answers to runtime user generated queries for extracting business intelligence. The tool will collect information from disparate sources and requires the implementation of semantics to safeguard the future of knowledge discovery and reuse. This paper summaries the research and conceptualisation for our Information Gathering tool using semantic metadata to be utilised in the area of Business Intelligence.Peer reviewe