Urban renewal in Hong Kong : a study of governance and policy tools

published_or_final_versionPolitics and Public AdministrationMasterMaster of Public Administratio

The 7th International Symposium of Asian Society for Adapted Physical Education and Exercise, Hong Kong 2002: disability sport, adapted physical education and physical activity : research to practice

Includes bibliographical references.published_or_final_versionList of contributors ivThe physical and psychological benefits of participation in special Olympics Anna Chan Chan, Anna 12Appdx.B Asian society for adapted physical education and exercise (ASAPE) 159Keynote speechClassification of athletes in paralympic games Eric P. Chien Chien, P., Eric 27PresentationForewordMeasuring physical activity in children with intellectual disability Bik C. Chow Chow, C., Bik 37Twin basketball by persons with severe disability due to Quadriplegia Yumi Tsubouchi, Miho Kasuga, Teruo Akiyama, Masaharu Maeda, and Momoe Yamada Tsubouchi, Yumi Kasuga, Miho Akiyama, Teruo Maeda, Masaharu Yamada, Momoe 93The relationships between body composition and high incidence of glucose intolerance in Paraplegia N. Maeda, M. Murakami, M. Hirayama, J. Katoh Maeda, N. Murakami, M. irayama, M. Katoh, J. 84The qualification and training system for adapted physical activities in North East Asia Man-hway Lin Lin, Man-hway 50A Pilot study of sport participation: motives and goal perspectives of athletes with physical disabilities in Hong Kong Cindy Hui-ping Sit Sit, Hui-ping, Cindy 77Student activity levels and teacher behavior during primary four-to-six-grade physical education lesson for students with mental retardation Oi-yee Ma and Bik C. Chow Ma, Oi-yee Chow, C., Bik 99Identification of physical awkwardness in early childhood in Japan: usefulness of the movement assessment battery for children Takahito Masuda and Atsushi Nanakida Masuda, Takahito Nanakida, Atsushi 109Assessment of functional exercise capacity and exercise training using cycle ergometer in patients with cerebrovascular disorder M. Murakami, J. Katoh, T. Tanizaki, N. Maeda, and H. Furukawa Murakami, M. Katoh, J. Tanizaki, T. Maeda, N. Furukawa, H. 115Pedometric measurement of daily physical activity and oxygen uptake kinetics on exercise endurance with ambulatory post-stroke hemiplegics J. Katoh, H. Ikeda, J. Nakato, T. Yoshii, Y. Nagata, M. Hayakawa, T. Tanizaki Katoh, J. Ikeda, H. Nakato, J. Yoshii, T. Nagata, Y. Hayakawa, M. Tanizaki, T. 121Paralympic sports in Hong Kong: past, present and future Silas T.C. Chiang Chiang, T.C., Silas 60A study of the use of recreational sports during summer vacation for junior high school students with mental retardation at special schools in Kaohsiung Chi-sen Chen and Man-hway Lin Chen, Chi-sen Lin, Man-hway 128Dance activities of children with disabilities Kyoko Terada Terada, Kyoko 90The paralympic movement and adapted physical education York Chow Chow, York 4Preface iiPostural adjustments in individuals with visual impairments Hideo Nakata Nakata, Hideo 19Acknowledgment iiiAppdx.A International federation of adapted physical activity (IFAPA) 157The attitudes of parents of children without disabilities on sport socialization of students with disabilities: cross cultural comparison between Korean parents and American parents Ji-tae Kim Kim, Ji-tae 66Double product during isometric muscle contraction in the elderly Kyu-tae Kim, Kazufumi Takahashi, Seung-wook Choi, and Masahiro Yamasaki Kim, Kyu-tae Takahashi, Kazufumi Choi, Seung-wook Yamasaki, Masahiro 139The effects of water exercise in Korean elderly women Kyung-ok Yi, Hea-ok Lim, Ho-nam Lim, Kee-wha Lee, and Hae-won Han Yi, Kyung-ok Lim, Hea-ok Lim, Ho-nam Lee, Kee-wha Han, Hae-won 151Early childhood gymnastics award scheme Siu-yin Cheung Cheung, Siu-yin 14

Does obesity persist from childhood to adolescence? A 4-year prospective cohort study of Chinese students in Hong Kong

Background: Little is known about the progression of obesity from childhood to adolescence. This study aimed to longitudinally examine the obesity status in a cohort of children across their childhood and adolescence, and to identify the factors associated with persistent obesity. Methods: The study used data from School Physical Fitness Award Scheme (SPFAS), a population-based programme in Hong Kong primary and secondary schools. Students were included if they participated in the SPFAS in both 2014 (Primary 1 and 2) and 2018 (Primary 5 and 6). Their anthropometric and physical fitness parameters were analyzed. Results: A total of 18,863 students were included. The baseline prevalence of obesity was 5.7 %. After 4 years, the prevalence increased to 6.7 %. Among those with obesity at baseline, 35.3 % remained obese after 4 years. The addition of baseline physical fitness level did not improve the prediction for persistent obesity. Conclusions: One-third of obese students in junior primary school remained to be obese into adolescence. Their baseline physical fitness level did not improve the predictive value for future obesity. Further studies should investigate the prognostic factors that may influence the natural course of childhood obesity

The reciprocal relationship between body mass index categories and physical fitness: a 4‐year prospective cohort study of 20 000 Chinese children

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) categories and physical fitness are associated but the reciprocal relationship between BMI categories and physical fitness has not been investigated. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between BMI categories and physical fitness. Methods: This is a population-based 4-year cohort study in 48 elementary schools. Children aged 6 to 9 years at recruitment were included. BMI categories and physical fitness including handgrip strength, core muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured using standard equipment and protocol. Results: Among 26 392 eligible participants, 19 504 (73.9%) were successfully followed for 3 years. Baseline obesity prevalence was 5.9%. After 3 years, those who were unfit at baseline had an increased risk of obesity (risk ratio [RR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.71, P < .001) and those who were fit at baseline had a decreased risk of obesity (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.80, P < .001) compared with moderately fit children. Furthermore, improvement of fitness predicted decreased risk of obesity. Similarly, normal body weight also predicted better physical fitness. The path analysis confirmed a strong reciprocal relationship between physical fitness and obesity. Conclusions: Better physical fitness was prospectively associated with normal weight and vice versa. Physically fit children were more likely to maintain a healthy weight and those with a healthy weight were more likely to be physically fit, which is important for healthy development

Age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference and association with body mass index in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren

There is lacking a population-based study on the fitness level of Hong Kong schoolchildren, and it seems that increasing childhood obesity prevalence has shifted the classification of healthy fitness, with ‘underfit’ as normal. This cross-sectional territory study aimed to develop an age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference using a representative sample of children aged 6–17 and to determine the associations with body mass index in schoolchildren. The study analyzed Hong Kong School Physical Fitness Award Scheme data covering grade 1 to grade 12 students’ physical fitness and anthropometric measurements from 2017 to 2018. This reference was established without the impact due to COVID-19. Four aspects of physical fitness tests were measured using a standardized protocol, including (i) upper limb muscle strength, (ii) one-minute sit-up, (iii) sit-and-reach, and (iv) endurance run tests. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape was used to construct the reference charts. A Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the mean differences in age, weight, and height, and a Pearson’s chi-square test was used to examine the distributions of sex groups. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the group differences in BMI status, followed by the Dunn test for pairwise comparisons. A 5% level of significance was regarded as statistically significant. Data of 119,693 students before the COVID-19 pandemic were included in the analysis. The association between physical fitness level and BMI status varied depending on the test used, and there were significant differences in fitness test scores among BMI groups. The mean test scores of the obese group were lower in most of the tests for both boys and girls, except for handgrip strength. The underweight group outperformed the obese group in push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, and endurance run tests, but not in handgrip strength. In conclusion, a sex- and age-specific physical fitness reference value for Hong Kong Chinese children aged 6 to 17 years old is established, and this study demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between BMI status and physical fitness. The reference will help to identify children with poor physical fitness to offer support and guidance on exercise training. It also serves as a baseline for assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hong Kong students’ physical fitness

The effects of Tai-Chi-Soft-Ball training on physical functional health of Chinese older adult

This study was designed to investigate a 10-week training effects of Tai-Chi-Soft-Ball (TCSB), a novel Chinese exercise which combined the elements of Tai Chi and badminton, on physical functional health of private institutionalized older adults. Thirty-four participants were recruited in the training group with 60 minutes per session and two sessions per week TCSB training. Thirty-two participants were recruited simultaneously in the control group (no training). The measurements included the Senior Fitness Test (SFT), AAHPERD Soda Pop Test, self perceptive functional health. Two-way ANOVA/ ANCOVA with repeated measure in one factor was conducted to examine the testing factor (pre-test and post-test of TCSB training) and the effect of groups (training and control group) as well as their interaction effects. The significant training effects were found in training group (six out of eight items of SFT, AAHPERD Soda Pop Test and self perceptive functional health). In control group, significant functional deteriorations were found in SFT (back scratch test, 8-foot up-and-go) and self perceptive functional health. The previous findings showed that TCSB was not only effective in improving; but also in maintaining and decelerating the deterioration of physical functional health of sedentary Chinese older adult

Public Parks in Hong Kong: Characteristics of Physical Activity Areas and Their Users

Public parks, salient locations for engaging populations in health promoting physical activity, are especially important in high-density cities. We used the System for Observing Physical Activity in Communities (SOPARC) to conduct the first-ever surveillance study of nine public parks in Hong Kong (288 observation sessions during 36 weekdays and 36 weekend days) and observed 28,585 visitors in 262 diverse areas/facilities. Parks were widely used throughout the day on weekdays and weekend days and across summer and autumn; visitor rates were among the highest seen in 24 SOPARC studies. In contrast to other studies where teens and children dominated park use, most visitors (71%) were adults and seniors. More males (61%) than females used the parks, and they dominated areas designed for sports. Over 60% of visitors were observed engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, a rate higher than other SOPARC studies. Facilities with user fees were less accessible than non-fee areas, but they provided relatively more supervised and organized activities. Assessing parks by age, gender, and physical activity can provide useful information relative to population health. This study not only provides information useful to local administrators for planning and programming park facilities relative to physical activity, but it also provides a baseline for comparison by other high-density cities

The Usage of Digital Health Technology Among Older Adults in Hong Kong and the Role of Technology Readiness and eHealth Literacy: Path Analysis

BackgroundAlthough digital health technologies (DHTs) help many people maintain a healthy life, including those of advanced age, these technologies are of little use to older adult populations if they are not being adopted in daily life. Thus, it is critical to identify ways to help older adults recognize and try new technologies and maintain their use of them to maximize the benefits of these technologies in a digital-based society. ObjectiveOur study aimed (1) to assess the current usage of DHT among older adults in Hong Kong and (2) to examine how high and low levels of eHealth literacy in this group affects the relationship between the Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM) and attitudes and intention toward DHT. MethodsA total of 306 adults over 60 years of age in Hong Kong participated in this study. After conducting confirmatory factor analysis to validate the measurement model, the hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. ResultsOptimism was significantly related to perceived usefulness, while optimism, innovativeness, and discomfort were significantly associated with perceived ease of use. Both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were significantly linked to attitude toward the use of DHTs. Meanwhile, attitude significantly predicted usage intention. Additionally, the results revealed the differences in the relationships of the TRAM between participants with high and low levels of eHealth literacy. The influence of optimism and innovativeness on perceived ease of use was stronger for the higher-level group than for the lower-level group, and the influence of discomfort for the higher-level group was much weaker. ConclusionsThe findings provided partial support for the impact of eHealth literacy on encouraging older adults to use DHT and obtain health benefits from it. This study also suggests providing assistance and guidelines for older adults to narrow the aging-related technology gap and to further explore the associations of eHealth literacy, the TRAM, and actual behaviors

Physical activity and physical fitness of adults with intellectual disabilities in group homes in Hong Kong

Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) typically have a sedentary lifestyle and higher rates of overweight and obesity. This study describes the habitual daily physical activity (PA) and the health-related physical fitness (PF) of adults with mild and moderate ID who resided in four group homes and worked in sheltered workshops. We also assessed the contribution of PF variables towards PA levels and sedentary behavior of this population subgroup. Adults with mild and moderate ID (N = 114) were assessed on PF tests (percent body fat, waist and hip circumferences, 6-min walk (6MWT), arm curl, and sit and reach). PA and sedentary behavior on weekdays were determined using Actigraph accelerometers. Results showed these adults averaged 2% of their daily time (or 10 min) engaged in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and 67% of the time (495 min) being sedentary. No significant differences between mild and moderate ID were found for any PA or PF variable. Linear multiple regression analyses showed 6MWT to be the only significant PF variable contributing to the variance of PA and sedentary behavior. In conclusion, adults with ID reside in group home have low PA and low fitness levels. Among fitness variables, the walking test (i.e., cardiovascular fitness) had the highest positive association with participants’ daily PA, MVPA, and negative association with sedentary behavior. Future intervention studies in promoting PA and fitness for adults with ID are warranted