Position d'un Israélien

Chouraqui André. Position d'un Israélien. In: Revue française de science politique, 16ᵉ année, n°4, 1966. pp. 757-769

Israël, carrefour de l'Orient et de l'Occident

Chouraqui André. Israël, carrefour de l'Orient et de l'Occident. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 3, n°12, 1962. pp. 663-680

D. Masson. — Le Coran et la Révélation Judéo-chrétienne , études comparatives, 1958

Chouraqui André. D. Masson. — Le Coran et la Révélation Judéo-chrétienne , études comparatives, 1958. In: Revue des études juives, tome 1 (118),1959. p. 166

Nutritional management of cow's milk allergy in children: An update.

Cow's milk is one of the most common foods responsible for allergic reactions in children. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) involves immunoglobulin E (IgE)- and non-IgE-mediated reactions, the latter being both variable and nonspecific. Guidelines thus emphasize the need for physicians to recognize the specific syndromes of CMA and to respect strict diagnostic modalities. Whatever the clinical pattern of CMA, the mainstay of treatment is the elimination from the diet of cow's milk proteins. The challenge is that both the disease and the elimination diet may result in insufficient height and weight gain and bone mineralization. If, during CMA, the mother is not able or willing to breastfeed, the child must be fed a formula adapted to CMA dietary management, during infancy and later, if the disease persists. This type of formula must be adequate in terms of allergic efficacy and nutritional safety. In older children, when CMA persists, the use of cow's milk baked or heated at a sufficient temperature, frequently tolerated by children with CMA, may help alleviate the stringency of the elimination diet. Guidance on the implementation of the elimination diet by qualified healthcare professionals is always necessary. This guidance should also include advice to ensure adequate bone growth, especially relating to calcium intake. Specific attention should be given to children presenting with several risk factors for weak bone mineral density, i.e., multiple food allergies, vitamin D deficiency, poor sun exposure, steroid use, or severe eczema. When CMA is outgrown, a prolonged elimination diet may negatively impact the quality of the diet over the long term

Vitamin A in pediatrics: An update from the Nutrition Committee of the French Society of Pediatrics.

International audienceVitamin A (retinol) fulfills multiple functions in vision, cell growth and differentiation, embryogenesis, the maintenance of epithelial barriers and immunity. A large number of enzymes, binding proteins and receptors facilitate its intestinal absorption, hepatic storage, secretion, and distribution to target cells. In addition to the preformed retinol of animal origin, some fruits and vegetables are rich in carotenoids with provitamin A precursors such as β-carotene: 6 μg of β-carotene corresponds to 1 μg retinol equivalent (RE). Carotenoids never cause hypervitaminosis A. Determination of liver retinol concentration, the most reliable marker of vitamin A status, cannot be used in practice. Despite its lack of sensitivity and specificity, the concentration of retinol in blood is used to assess vitamin A status. A blood vitamin A concentration below 0.70 μmol/L (200 μg/L) indicates insufficient intake. Levels above 1.05 μmol/L (300 μg/L) indicate an adequate vitamin A status. The recommended dietary intake increases from 250 μg RE/day between 7 and 36 months of age to 750 μg RE/day between 15 and 17 years of age, which is usually adequate in industrialized countries. However, intakes often exceed the recommended intake, or even the upper limit (600 μg/day), in some non-breastfed infants. The new European regulation on infant and follow-on formulas (2015) will likely limit this excessive intake. In some developing countries, vitamin A deficiency is one of the main causes of blindness and remains a major public health problem. The impact of vitamin A deficiency on mortality was not confirmed by the most recent studies. Periodic supplementation with high doses of vitamin A is currently questioned and food diversification, fortification or low-dose regular supplementation seem preferable.La vitamine A (rétinol) a de multiples fonctions dans la vision, la croissance et la différenciation cellulaires, l’embryogenèse, l’entretien des barrières épithéliales, l’immunité, etc. De nombreux enzymes, protéines de liaison et récepteurs facilitent l’absorption digestive, le stockage hépatique, la sécrétion hépatocytaire et la distribution du rétinol aux cellules cibles. Hors le rétinol préformé d’origine animale, certains légumes et fruits sont riches en caroténoïdes à activité provitaminique A, comme le ß-carotène, dont 6 μg correspondent à 1 équivalent rétinol (ER). Les caroténoïdes n’entraînent jamais d’hypervitaminose A. La concentration hépatique, marqueur fiable du statut, étant, en pratique, inaccessible, on a recours, malgré son manque de sensibilité et de spécificité, à la rétinolémie. Une concentration inférieure à 0,7 μmole/L (200 μg/L) est un indicateur d’apports insuffisants. Une rétinolémie supérieure à 1,05 μmole/L (300 μg/L) reflète un statut satisfaisant. Les apports journaliers conseillés en ER vont de 250 μg à 7–36 mois jusqu’à 750 μg à 15–17 ans et sont satisfaits dans les pays industrialisés. Les apports dépassent les apports conseillés, voire les limites de sécurité (600 μg/j) chez certains nourrissons non allaités. La nouvelle réglementation européenne (2015) sur les préparations pour nourrissons et de suite, et la suppression des suppléments en rétinol non justifiés devraient en principe limiter cet excès d’apport. Dans certains pays en développement, la carence vitaminique A, cause majeure de cécité, reste d’actualité. Son impact sur la mortalité préscolaire n’apparaît plus dans des études récentes ; le recours aux charges semestrielles jusque-là recommandées est controversé, au profit d’une meilleure diversification alimentaire, voire d’aliments enrichis ou d’une supplémentation régulière à faible dose

Les aliments industriels (hors laits et céréales) destinés aux nourrissons et enfants en bas âge : un progrès diététique ?

Processed baby foods designed for infants (4-12 months) and toddlers (12-36 months) (excluding infant formula, follow-on formula, the so-called growing-up milks, and cereal-based foods for infants), which am referred to as baby foods, are specific products defined by a European regulation (Directive 2006/125/CE). According to this Directive, such foods have a composition adapted to the nutritional needs of children of this age and should comply with specifications related to food safety in terms of ingredients, production processes, and prevention of infectious and toxicological hazards. Hence, they differ from ordinary foods and from non-specific processed foods. This market segment includes the full range of foods that can be part of children's diet: dairy products (dairy desserts, yoghurts, and fresh cheese), sweet products (nondairy desserts, fruit, and drinks), and salty products (soups, vegetable-based foods, meat, fish, and full dishes). This market amounted to 89,666 MT in France in 2011 and 83,055 MT in 2010 (a total of 325,524 MT in the 27 countries of the European Union in 2010, including 90,438 MT in Germany, 49,144 MT in Spain, and 40,438 MT in Italy). The consumption of baby foods in France varies with infant age and parental choice. Baby foods account for 7 % of total energy intake at 4-5 months, 28 % at 6-7 months, 27 % at 8-11 months, 17 % at 1-17 months, and 11 % at 18-24 months. Among parents, 24 % never offer their children any baby foods, 13 % do so 1-3 days/week and 63 % 4-7 days/week. Among consumers, 55% of children eat more than 250 g/day of baby foods. As baby foods only account for a minor fraction of overall food intake, their impact on the quality of young children's diet is much less than that of growing-up milks, particularly for preventing insufficient iron and vitamin D intake. Their consumption, however, has an indirect benefit on the nutritional quality of the diet and on food safety, particularly regarding toxicological hazards, as it postpones the introduction of non-specific processed foods, which are inadequate for this age group owing to both their nutritional composition and lower food safety control. Baby foods represent a family of products meeting parents' expectations and adapted to infants and young children. They are clearly beneficial in terms of food safety, but the nutritional benefit to be expected from their consumption is minimal: their main advantage is postponing or decreasing the consumption of non-specific industrially processed foods