Monkeypox Viruses: Resurgence of Global Threat to Mankind

The unprecedented outbreaks of monkeypox viruses in non-endemic regions have created grave concern for global health. The World Health Organization has declared a public health emergency of international concern and stated the seriousness of monkeypox viruses. The gravity of this zoonotic disease cannot be underestimated, owing to the fact that this viral infection can cause pathetic situations if ignored. Keeping these lacunas, the scientific communities have expressed their interest towards the study of monkeypox viruses. Hence the present review discusses the etiological features, historical events, and vaccination along with management strategies to combat and counter the sudden outbreak. The review also highlights the current Indian scenario of the monkeypox virus; with scanty reports available, the present contributes towards the growing scientific knowledge to prevent a future threats to mankind

Nanovaccines to combat drug resistance: the next-generation immunisation

Abstract Background The present review envisages the role of nanovaccines to combat the global challenges of antimicrobial resistance. Nanovaccines are a novel formulation comprised of nanomaterials coupled with an immunogenic component to elicit the immune response and provide protection against the desired infectious disease. The nanovaccines with unique physicochemical properties can be more efficient against targeting the desired tissues in the body, aids in prolong circulation to promote antigen-presenting cells to act upon the target antigens. Main content The present review envisages the development of nanovaccines against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The use of nanovaccines can exhibit potent antigenicity with prolonged retention and controlled release to induce both cell- and antibody-mediated responses. Nanovaccines usage is still in the early stages and can be next-generation immunisation for prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency. The future development of nanovaccines against multi-drug-resistant pathogens can explore new avenues. Based on these facts, the present review is designed from the previously reported scientific studies and compiled with the fact that nanovaccines can revolutionise vaccine strategies. The articles were extracted from reputed databases like PubMed, Scopus, and ESCI. The size and conjugating chemistry of nanomaterials can be beneficial in developing novel multi-nanovaccine formulations that can target pools of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Conclusion Overall, the nanovaccines can form one of the best effective modes of targeting multi-drug-resistant pathogens. The nanovaccines can stimulate the innate immune response and generate effective immune-therapeutic novel formulation against infectious pathogens. Based on these facts and considerations, the present article makes an alarming call to develop nanovaccines to counter multi-drug resistance

Nanoagrosomes: Future prospects in the management of drug resistance for sustainable agriculture

Agriculture plays a crucial role in sustaining the global population with food safety and security. The inadequacy of current agrochemicals in effectively controlling microbial infestations necessitates immediate attention. The over usage of agrochemicals has posed significant threat to agriculture by hampering the crop productivity, increased disease outbreaks and spread resistant microorganisms. This review addresses the pressing issue of drug-resistant microbial pathogens and their detrimental impact on the agricultural system. The use of nanoagrosomes has gained significant attention as a potential solution for combating drug-resistant pathogens due to their unique physicochemical properties, which can be tailored to target specific activities. A diverse of nanoagrosomes is widely practiced to attenuate specific roles which has been outline in the review. It also shed light on their effectiveness in combating drug-resistant pathogens and their role in promoting agricultural sustainability by expanding scientific understanding of nanoagrosomes as a future prospect for management of drug resistance