Controlling Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persister Cells by Human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Bacteria are well known to cause chronic infections in humans by entering dormancy and by developing biofilms. These mechanisms allow bacteria to exhibit antibiotic tolerance and relapse to an active virulent state when the antibiotic treatments are discontinued. During bacterial invasions, the host immune cells secrete special signaling proteins, known as cytokines which orchestrate events leading to human immune response and elimination of bacterial pathogens. However, compared to the well documented activities of cytokines in immune reaction, little is known about the direct effects of cytokines on bacterial cells. In this study, we focused on granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine produced by macrophages, T-cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We chose Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model bacterium. It is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium and a major cause of nosocomial infections in individuals with compromised immune systems and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We show for the first time that GM-CSF can sensitize the persister cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to multiple antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. The mucoid variant, P. aeruginosa PDO300 was also sensitized by GM-CSF to tobramycin in the presence of alginate lyase. In addition, GM-CSF sensitized the biofilm cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 to tobramycin in presence of biofilm matrix degrading enzymes DNase I and alginate lyase, respectively. In comparison, the normal cells of P. aeruginosa and the non-pathogenic Escherichia coli K12 persister cells were not affected by GM-CSF. DNA microarray and qPCR analyses revealed that GM-CSF induced flagella and pyocin associated genes in persister cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1, while the same genes in normal cells did not show significant change. Using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and cross-linking, GM-CSF was found to interact with the protein FliC (flagellin). Deletion of fliC gene abolished the effects of GM-CSF on P. aeruginosa persister cells, which was restored by complementation of the fliC gene. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that cytokines have a direct interaction with bacterial cells and disturb their persistence. The results are helpful for understanding bacterial physiology and for developing new persistence control methods

Linear Programming and Its Application for Preparation of Product Mathri and Namkeen in a Small Scale Industries

The aim of the present research paper is to use the simplex algorithm of linear programming to find the maxim profit in the selling of Besan items such as Mathri and Namkeen. The target is to achieve maximum profit in small expenditure. KEYWORDS: Linear programming model, Simplex method, Decision variables, Optimal resul

Mesh and Pyramid Algorithms for Iconic Indexing

In this paper parallel algorithms on meshes and pyramids for iconic indexing are presented. Our algorithms are asymptotically superior to previously known parallel algorithms

A GOAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR DECISION MAKING IN PRODUCTION PLANNING OF GROUNDNUT EDIBLE OIL

The aim of this paper is to minimize the total production  cost within a maximum permitted  budget without violating the demand constraints for production planning of edible groundnut oil using supply chain problem . Effort will be put for minimize waste materials and pollution. Keywords : Goal programming, decision making, edible oi

Results with Quadruple Random Fixed Point

In this paper, we introduced concept of ICS mapping for quadruple random fixed point in partially ordered metric space. The present results generalized the result of Karapinar E. [23]. Results are motivated by Choudhary [11] and Gupta [24

Fixed Point Theorem Result in Vector Metric Spaces.

In this paper we give prove some fixed point theorems for contractive conditions in vector metric space, our results are generalized form of some well known results. Our results are motivated by Ishak Altun and Cuneyt Cevik [10]   Keywords: - fixed point, vector metric space

Translation of scientific and technical litreature and need for popularisation of Hindi terminology

Terminology plays a very important role in the process of technical translation. But in Hindi, many types of practical difficulties and problems are talked about regarding the terminology. It is a fact that despite the constitutional status, English is more prevalent in our country in technical education and research. The number of users of the terminology of Hindi is limited. As a result, Hindi vocabulary created by tireless hard work is not gaining much popularity. Hindi writers and translators of science find it difficult to preserve the quality of intelligibility in their original writings and translation works. Considering English as a lingua franca and not considering Hindi as a competent medium for expression of scientific and technical subjects, a bias arises in the minds of many scholars towards Hindi terminology.This bias needs to be removed because presently it should be our priority to present various branches of science in Hindi and for this, science topics need to be explained in simple language so that we can strive for popularization of technical terminology of Hindi later on. Creative translation can be used for this. For a difficult concept or latest scientific discovery, if there is no appropriate word in the target language (Hindi) or if there is a problem related to communication, then expressing it in a simple way is more effective because the main purpose of translation is to communicate the information given in the source language. By keeping English/foreign words for complex terminology and using simple expressions of Hindi, it will be more effective if the technical terminology of Hindi is kept in the parentheses for the purpose of popularisation

Need of collective efforts for science & technology dissemination in Hindi

108-112The objective of science is to develop knowledge in the interest of the general public, and the common people can be made aware of this useful knowledge only when we express it in the generally accepted language. Researchers, scientists, academics and innovators working in the field of science and technology should pay more attention to the fact that the benefits of scientific discoveries and results of the research work definitely reach the general public. This is quite certain that the public can get the benefits only when they have information about these latest discoveries. That is why it is necessary that the experts from the field of science and technology and the scientists continue to strive for dissemination of specific knowledge related to their subjects to the masses. It is assumed that educational institutions and research institutes are solely responsible for the dissemination of science to the public. Most of the academic undertakings and research institutes in the country have been contributing significantly to the work of science dissemination. Many NGOs and dedicated science writers are also popularising science and spreading awareness about various current issues related to science. In addition to the various electronic mediums of communication, the use of various means of print media and audio-visual medium becomes remarkable. Extensive use of various electronic and digital services, facilities and methods provided by science and technology itself is to be ensured by us so as to encourage the collective and integrated efforts for the promotion of science and technology in Hindi

Need of collective efforts for science & technology dissemination in Hindi

The objective of science is to develop knowledge in the interest of the general public, and the common people can be made aware of this useful knowledge only when we express it in the generally accepted language. Researchers, scientists, academics and innovators working in the field of science and technology should pay more attention to the fact that the benefits of scientific discoveries and results of the research work definitely reach the general public. This is quite certain that the public can get the benefits only when they have information about these latest discoveries. That is why it is necessary that the experts from the field of science and technology and the scientists continue to strive for dissemination of specific knowledge related to their subjects to the masses. It is assumed that educational institutions and research institutes are solely responsible for the dissemination of science to the public. Most of the academic undertakings and research institutes in the country have been contributing significantly to the work of science dissemination. Many NGOs and dedicated science writers are also popularising science and spreading awareness about various current issues related to science. In addition to the various electronic mediums of communication, the use of various means of print media and audio-visual medium becomes remarkable. Extensive use of various electronic and digital services, facilities and methods provided by science and technology itself is to be ensured by us so as to encourage the collective and integrated efforts for the promotion of science and technology in Hindi

A comparative study of cognitive insight in schizophrenia patients with and without depression

Background: Lack of insight has been linked to disorganized symptoms or symptoms of formal thought disorder which is often seen in schizophrenia. The main aim of our study was to assess cognitive insight in patients of schizophrenia with and without depression and relation of cognitive insight with psychopathology of schizophrenia.Methods: The Present study was carried out on 60 patients in both groups. After randomization, assessment of Socio demographic details was done with the help of semi-structured performa.Results: There was no significant difference was found in both groups in socio demographic data. Better cognitive insight was found in schizophrenia patients with depression. The cognitive insight and psychopathology were not found significantly correlated to the age of the patient, age of onset of the illness and the total duration of the illness. There was significant difference among groups in relation to the PANSS-P, PANSS-G, with cognitive insight SR, SC, RC (p value 0.000).  No significant difference was found for the PANSS-N (p=0.156) among both groups.Conclusions: Cognitive insight may impact negative symptoms directly via a rigid reasoning style that fosters disengagement in constructive activity as well as reduced interpersonal expressivity.