In Vitro Anticancer Activity Guided Investigation Of The Phytochemicals Of Typhonium Flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume (Araceae)

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume is an indigenous plant of Malaysia used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat various types of cancer. In order to effectively understand its pharmacological action, safety and efficacy, it is essential to firstly identify and characterise its chemical constituents and their biological relevance to the healing effect of the plant. A suitable extraction methodology was carefully selected at the preliminary stage of this study. Three types of extraction methods with different modes of action, namely soxhlet, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and maceration methods were evaluated. The maceration method proved to be the most suitable extraction methodology for the purpose of this study with regard to the better activity and greater diversity of the chemical constituents obtained in the extract although the extraction yields were lower. The study also found that extraction carried out using non-polar solvents like hexane and dichloromethane is most suitable in obtaining the active chemical constituents

Eksperimental Variasi Kecepatan Putar Screw Feeding dengan Kecepatan Putar PIsau Pengupas terhadap Kualitas Hasil Pengupasan pada Mesin Pengupas Kulit Pinang

The processing of areca nut at the present time is still done manually and requires a long working time. To facilitate the skinner process and optimize the results that required a technology of machine which paring the areca nut skin. The Skinner machine of areca nut at this point still has deficiency. For resolving the problems that exist on the areca nut skinner machine which has type of screw then troubleshoot by varying the rotational speed of the screw feeding toward skinner tool of areca nut. After tested with variations of the rotational speed of the screw feeding to ward skinner tool of areca nut, then obtained the optimal results as much as 6 pieces and other 4 pieces of areca nut already broken on screw feeding speed at 37 rpm and 800 rpm on a skinner tool. The time that required to perform the paring process on this rotational speed is 21.7 seconds. The optimal skinner Results of areca nut increases to 9 pieces after made the casing modification which the efficiency of time is 73.5

Anticancer activity of a sub-fraction of dichloromethane extract of Strobilanthes crispus on human breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The leaves of <it>Strobilanthes crispus </it>(<it>S. crispus</it>) which is native to the regions of Madagascar to the Malay Archipelago, are used in folk medicine for their antidiabetic, diuretic, anticancer and blood pressure lowering properties. Crude extracts of this plant have been found to be cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines and protective against chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. In this study, the cytotoxicity of various sub-fractions of dichloromethane extract isolated from the leaves of <it>S. crispus </it>was determined and the anticancer activity of one of the bioactive sub-fractions, SC/D-F9, was further analysed in breast and prostate cancer cell lines.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The dichloromethane extract of <it>S. crispus </it>was chromatographed on silica gel by flash column chromatography. The ability of the various sub-fractions obtained to induce cell death of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, PC-3 and DU-145 cell lines was determined using the LDH assay. The dose-response effect and the EC₅₀values of the active sub-fraction, SC/D-F9, were determined. Apoptosis was detected using Annexin V antibody and propidium iodide staining and analysed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, while caspase 3/7 activity was detected using FLICA caspase inhibitor and analysed by fluorescence microscopy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Selected sub-fractions of the dichloromethane extract induced death of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, PC-3 and DU-145 cells. The sub-fraction SC/D-F9, consistently killed breast and prostate cancer cell lines with low EC₅₀values but is non-cytotoxic to the normal breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. SC/D-F9 displayed relatively higher cytotoxicity compared to tamoxifen, paclitaxel, docetaxel and doxorubicin. Cell death induced by SC/D-F9 occurred via apoptosis with the involvement of caspase 3 and/or 7.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A dichloromethane sub-fraction of <it>S. crispus </it>displayed potent anticancer activities <it>in vitro </it>that can be further exploited for the development of a potential therapeutic anticancer agent.</p

Cholinesterase inhibitory activity and chemical constituents of Stenochlaena palustris fronds at two different stages of maturity

Stenochlaena palustris fronds are popular as a vegetable in Southeast Asia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the anticholinesterase properties and phytochemical profiles of the young and mature fronds of this plant. Both types of fronds were found to have selective inhibitory effect against butyrylcholinesterase compared with acetylcholinesterase. However, different sets of compounds were responsible for their activity. In young fronds, an antibutyrylcholinesterase effect was observed in the hexane extract, which was comprised of a variety of aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and phytosterols. In the mature fronds, inhibitory activity was observed in the methanol extract, which contained a series of kaempferol glycosides. Our results provided novel information concerning the ability of S. palustris to inhibit cholinesterase and its phytochemical profile. Further research to investigate the potential use of this plant against Alzheimer's disease is warranted, however, young and mature fronds should be distinguished due to their phytochemical differences

Free radical scavenging and cytotoxic properties of acylated and non-acylated kaempferol glycosides from Stenochlaena Palustris: a perspective on their structure – Activity relationships

Flavonoid glycosides that are present in acylated form have good prospect to be developed into therapeutic agents due to their improved biological properties, stability and physico-chemical properties compared to their maternal compounds. The present study aimed to compare the free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities of a series of acylated and non-acylated kaempferol glycosides isolated from Stenochlaena palustris. The in silico binding interactions of the most cytotoxic glycoside with epidermal growth factor receptor was also evaluated. Results indicated that the free radical scavenging capability and cytotoxicity of kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were enhanced through acylation with selected hydroxycinnamoyl groups, whereas mono-acylation did not improve both activities. Molecular docking study revealed that di-acylation was essential for the compound to bind to five major active sites of the receptor. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosides that are di-acylated may be further explored for their chemopreventive and anticancer properties due to their significant antioxidant and cytotoxic properties

Anti-Tumor Action, Clinical Biochemistry Profile and Phytochemical Constituents of a Pharmacologically Active Fraction of <i>S</i>. <i>crispus</i> in NMU-Induced Rat Mammary Tumour Model

<div><p>Cancer patients seek alternative remedies such as traditional medicinal plants for safe and effective treatment and help overcome the side effects of conventional therapy. Current knowledge indicates that extracts of <i>Strobilanthes crispus</i> of the Acanthaceae family exhibit potent anticancer properties <i>in vitro</i> and are non-toxic <i>in vivo</i>. <i>S</i>. <i>crispus</i> was also reported to be protective against chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously showed that a bioactive fraction of <i>S</i>. <i>crispus</i> leaves also synergized with tamoxifen to cause apoptosis of human breast cancer cell lines without damaging non-malignant epithelial cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor effect of <i>S</i>. <i>crispus</i> dichloromethane fraction (F3) using N-methyl-N-Nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumor model. Tumor regression was observed in 75% of the rats following 8-week oral administration of F3 with no secondary tumour formation and no signs of anemia or infection. However, no improvement in the liver and renal function profiles was observed. Major constituents of F3 were identified as lutein, 13¹-hydroxy-13²-oxo-pheophytin a, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, pheophytin a and 13²-hydroxy-pheophytin a. These compounds however, may not significantly contribute to the antitumor effect of F3.</p></div

FBC parameters in normal, untreated and F3-treated animals.

<p>P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test for categorical data between normal and F3-treated rats. Results are presented as median values with IQR in brackets.</p><p><i>*</i>p < 0.05 compared to normal rats</p><p>FBC parameters in normal, untreated and F3-treated animals.</p

Chemical structures of compounds isolated from F3.

<p>(1) lutein (2) 13¹-hydroxy-13²-oxo-pheophytin a (3) campesterol (4) stigmasterol (5) β-sitosterol (6) pheophytin a (7) 13²-hydroxy-pheophytin a.</p

Cytotoxic activity of various fractions of <i>S</i>. <i>crispus</i> DCM extract in breast cancer cell lines.

<p>MDA-MB-231 (a) and MCF-7 (b) cells were treated with 100 μg/ml fractions (F1-F5) for 24 and 48 h. Percentage cell death was determined using the LDH assay and 15 μM tamoxifen (Tam) was used as the positive control.</p