Agreement between arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen values obtained by direct arterial blood measurements versus noninvasive methods in conscious healthy and ill foals

Objective—To determine agreement between indirect measurements of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Petco2) and saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry (Spo2) with direct measurements of Paco2 and calculated saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood (Sao2) in conscious healthy and ill foals. Design—Validation study. Animals—10 healthy and 21 ill neonatal foals. Procedures—Arterial blood gas analysis was performed on healthy and ill foals examined at a veterinary teaching hospital to determine direct measurements of Paco2 and Pao2 along with Sao2. Concurrently, Petco2 was measured with a capnograph inserted into a naris, and Spo2 was measured with a reflectance probe placed at the base of the tail. Paired values were compared by use of Pearson correlation coefficients, and level of agreement was assessed with the Bland-Altman method. Results—Mean ± SD difference between Paco2 and Petco2 was 0.1 ± 5.0 mm Hg. There was significant strong correlation (r = 0.779) and good agreement between Paco2 and Petco2. Mean ± SD difference between Sao2 and Spo2 was 2.5 ± 3.5%. There was significant moderate correlation (r = 0.499) and acceptable agreement between Sao2 and Spo2. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Both Petco2 obtained by use of nasal capnography and Spo2 obtained with a reflectance probe are clinically applicable and accurate indirect methods of estimating and monitoring Paco2 and Sao2 in neonatal foals. Indirect methods should not replace periodic direct measurement of corresponding parameters

Survey of serum vitamin D status across stages of swine production and evaluation of supplemental bulk vitamin D premixes used in swine diets

The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in pigs of different age groups, to determine if 25(OH)D concentrations varied with season, and to assess the quality of vitamin D supplements used in swine diets from multiple commercial suppliers. Serum samples (n = 1200) submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for routine surveillance were assayed for serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D premix samples were obtained from suppliers and analyzed at two laboratories over a 9-month period. In all age categories, 25(OH)D concentrations in numerous serum samples were lower than reference values. In the nursery, finisher, and boar age categories, there was a difference between the months of January and June (P \u3c .05), with June samples containing higher quantities of circulating 25(OH)D. Serum samples from outdoor herds had higher 25(OH)D concentrations than samples from confined pigs (P \u3c .01). Among the supplement samples evaluated, no individual supplement had a concentration of 25(OH)D significantly lower than 500,000 IU per g. These results revealed that commercial swine may be deficient in serum vitamin D at varying times of the year, and feed-supplement concentrations may vary

Multifunctional three-dimensional macroporous nanoelectronic networks for smart materials

Seamless and minimally-invasive integration of three-dimensional (3D) electronic circuitry within host materials could enable the development of materials systems that are self- monitoring and allow for communication with external environments. Here, we report a general strategy for preparing ordered 3D interconnected and addressable macroporous nanoelectronic networks from ordered two-dimensional (2D) nanowire nanoelectronic “precursors”, which are fabricated by conventional lithography. The 3D networks have porosities larger than 99%, contain ca. 100’s of addressable nanowire devices, and have feature sizes from the 10 micron scale (for electrical and structural interconnections) to the 10 nanometer scale (for device elements). The macroporous nanoelectronic networks were merged with organic gels and polymers to form hybrid materials in which the basic physical and chemical properties of the host were not substantially altered, and electrical measurements further show a > 90% yield of active devices in the hybrid materials. The positions of the nanowire devices were located within 3D hybrid materials with ca. 14 nm resolution through simultaneous nanowire device photocurrent/confocal microscopy imaging measurements. In addition, we explored functional properties of these hybrid materials, including (i) mapping time-dependent pH changes throughout a nanowire network/agarose gel sample during external solution pH changes, and (ii) characterizing the strain field in a hybrid nanoelectronic elastomer structures subject to uniaxial and bending forces. The seamless incorporation of active nanoelectronic networks within 3D materials opens up a powerful approach to smart materials in which the capabilities of multi- functional nanoelectronics allow for active monitoring and control of host systems.Chemistry and Chemical BiologyEngineering and Applied Science

Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with leukemia in Singapore: a cross-sectional pilot study

There has been a paradigm shift in health service delivery to a more holistic approach, which considers Quality of Life (QoL) and overall functioning. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional construct that encompasses physical functioning as well as psychosocial aspects of emotional and social functioning. This study explored factors related to HRQoL in Asian pediatric patients with leukemia in Singapore. The available variables included: age, treatment duration, household income, gender, ethnicity, religion, diagnosis, and phase of treatment. It is hypothesized that the relationships will be significant. In the current study, there were 60 patients (60% males) with leukemia; their ages ranged from 1 to 21 years (Mean = 8.03, Standard Deviation = 4.55). The hypothesis was partially supported. Age had a significant positive relationship with physical functioning, r(60) = 0.28, p < 0.05, physical health, r(60) = 0.28, p < 0.05, and the total HRQoL score, r(60) = 0.29, p < 0.05. Treatment duration had a positive relationship with school functioning, r(60) = 0.28, p < 0.05. All other correlations were statistically non-significant. The effects of the available psychosocial variables of gender, ethnicity, and religion were examined on scores from the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Ethnicity had a significant effect on social functioning, U = 292.00, p < 0.05, r = 0.3 (medium effect size). Specifically, Chinese (Median = 85.00, n = 33) had significantly higher scores on social functioning than others (Median = 70.00, n = 27). The remaining comparisons were statistically non-significant. The current findings added to QoL research, and provided an impetus for more research in the area of HRQoL for children with leukemia in Singapore

Caries dental, higiene bucal y necesidades de tratamientos a beneficiarios del Proyecto Sonrisas Felices

Resumen:  La caries dental es un problema de salud pública de mayor prevalencia e incidencia a nivel mundial, siendo la higiene bucal deficiente un factor predisponente para el desarrollo de dicha afección. El presente estudio tiene como tema caries dental, higiene bucal y necesidades de tratamientos a beneficiarios del proyecto Sonrisas Felices, cuyo objetivo es determinar el índice de caries dental mediante el ceod, CPOD y grado de higiene bucal por medio del Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IHOS), en los beneficiarios del proyecto sonrisas felices, ejecutado en la Casa Hogar San Pedro, en la ciudad de Portoviejo.  Esta investigación es de tipo observacional, descriptiva y transversal, con un universo de 88 beneficiarios, a cada uno se le realizo la historia clínica, la cual ayudó a determinar las variables como edad, sexo, prevalencia de caries mediante el índice de ceod, CPOD y grado de higiene bucal por medio del Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IHOS). Los resultados obtenidos, indicaron que la higiene bucal según la escala de Greene fue buena, sin embargo, la prevalencia de caries dental fue 74%, de los cuales solo el 28% se han realizado tratamientos odontológicos.