Functionally Graded Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

This DOE SECA project focused on both experimental and theoretical understanding of oxygen reduction processes in a porous mixed-conducting cathode in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Elucidation of the detailed oxygen reduction mechanism, especially the rate-limiting step(s), is critical to the development of low-temperature SOFCs (400 C to 700 C) and to cost reduction since much less expensive materials may be used for cell components. However, cell performance at low temperatures is limited primarily by the interfacial polarization resistances, specifically by those associated with oxygen reduction at the cathode, including transport of oxygen gas through the porous cathode, the adsorption of oxygen onto the cathode surface, the reduction and dissociation of the oxygen molecule (O{sub 2}) into the oxygen ion (O{sup 2-}), and the incorporation of the oxygen ion into the electrolyte. In order to most effectively enhance the performance of the cathode at low temperatures, we must understand the mechanism and kinetics of the elementary processes at the interfaces. Under the support of this DOE SECA project, our accomplishments included: (1) Experimental determination of the rate-limiting step in the oxygen reduction mechanism at the cathode using in situ FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, including surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS and TERS). (2) Fabrication and testing of micro-patterned cathodes to compare the relative activity of the TPB to the rest of the cathode surface. (3) Construction of a mathematical model to predict cathode performance based on different geometries and microstructures and analyze the kinetics of oxygen-reduction reactions occurring at charged mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) using two-dimensional finite volume models with ab initio calculations. (4) Fabrication of cathodes that are graded in composition and microstructure to generate large amounts of active surface area near the cathode/electrolyte interface using a novel combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technique. (5) Application of advanced quantum chemical calculations to interpret measured spectroscopic information, as well as to guide design of high efficient cathode materials

Promotion of water-mediated carbon removal by nanostructured barium oxide/nickel interfaces in solid oxide fuel cells

The existing Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) perform poorly in carbon-containing fuels because of coking and deactivation at desired operating temperatures. Here we report a new anode with nanostructured barium oxide/nickel (BaO/Ni) interfaces for low-cost SOFCs, demonstrating high power density and stability in C3H8, CO and gasified carbon fuels at 750°C. Synchrotron-based X-ray analyses and microscopy reveal that nanosized BaO islands grow on the Ni surface, creating numerous nanostructured BaO/Ni interfaces that readily adsorb water and facilitate water-mediated carbon removal reactions. Density functional theory calculations predict that the dissociated OH from H2O on BaO reacts with C on Ni near the BaO/Ni interface to produce CO and H species, which are then electrochemically oxidized at the triple-phase boundaries of the anode. This anode offers potential for ushering in a new generation of SOFCs for efficient, low-emission conversion of readily available fuels to electricity

Ordered mesoporous porphyrinic carbons with very high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction

The high cost of the platinum-based cathode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has impeded the widespread application of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We report on a new family of non-precious metal catalysts based on ordered mesoporous porphyrinic carbons (M-OMPC; M = Fe, Co, or FeCo) with high surface areas and tunable pore structures, which were prepared by nanocasting mesoporous silica templates with metalloporphyrin precursors. The FeCo-OMPC catalyst exhibited an excellent ORR activity in an acidic medium, higher than other non-precious metal catalysts. It showed higher kinetic current at 0.9a�...V than Pt/C catalysts, as well as superior long-term durability and MeOH-tolerance. Density functional theory calculations in combination with extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed a weakening of the interaction between oxygen atom and FeCo-OMPC compared to Pt/C. This effect and high surface area of FeCo-OMPC appear responsible for its significantly high ORR activity.open251

A robust and active hybrid catalyst for facile oxygen reduction in solid oxide fuel cells

The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) greatly reduces the energy efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Here we report our findings in dramatically enhancing the ORR kinetics and durability of the state-of-the-art La[subscript 0.6]Sr[subscript 0.4]Co[subscript 0.2]Fe[subscript 0.8]O[subscript 3](LSCF) cathode using a hybrid catalyst coating composed of a conformal PrNi[subscript 0.5]Mn[subscript 0.5]O[subscript 3](PNM) thin film with exsoluted PrOxnanoparticles. At 750°C, the hybrid catalyst-coated LSCF cathode shows a polarization resistance of ∼0.022 Ω cm[superscript 2], about 1/6 of that for a bare LSCF cathode (∼0.134 Ω cm[superscript 2]). Further, anode-supported cells with the hybrid catalyst-coated LSCF cathode demonstrate remarkable peak power densities (∼1.21 W cm[superscript -2]) while maintaining excellent durability (0.7 V for ∼500 h). Near Ambient X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) analyses, together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicate that the oxygen-vacancy-rich surfaces of the PrOxnanoparticles greatly accelerate the rate of electron transfer in the ORR whereas the thin PNM film facilitates rapid oxide-ion transport while drastically enhancing the surface stability of the LSCF electrode

Rational SOFC material design: new advances and tools

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer great prospects for the most efficient and cost-effective utilization of a wide variety of fuels. However, their commercialization hinges on the rational design of low cost materials with exceptional functionalities. This article highlights some recent progress in probing and mapping surface species and incipient phases relevant to electrode reactions using in situ Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron based x-ray analysis, and multi-scale modeling of charge and mass transport. The combination of in situ characterization and multi-scale modeling is imperative to unraveling the mechanisms of chemical and energy transformation: a vital step for the rational design of next generation SOFC materials.open443

Characterization of Atomic and Electronic Structures of Electrochemically Active SOFC Cathode Surfaces

The objective of this project is to gain a fundamental understanding of the oxygen-reduction mechanism on mixed conducting cathode materials by means of quantum-chemical calculations coupled with direct experimental measurements, such as vibrational spectroscopy. We have made progress in the elucidation of the mechanisms of oxygen reduction of perovkite-type cathode materials for SOFCs using these quantum chemical calculations. We established computational framework for predicting properties such as oxygen diffusivity and reaction rate constants for adsorption, incorporation, and TPB reactions, and formulated predictions for LSM- and LSC-based cathode materials. We have also further developed Raman spectroscopy as well as SERS as a characterization tool for SOFC cathode materials. Raman spectroscopy was used to detect chemical changes in the cathode from operation conditions, and SERS was used to probe for pertinent adsorbed species in oxygen reduction. However, much work on the subject of unraveling oxygen reduction for SOFC cathodes remains to be done

Revisiting oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane by W doping into MoVMn mixed oxides at low temperature

The catalytic performance of MoVMnW mixed oxides was investigated in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane at three different reaction temperatures (235, 255, and 275°C) using oxygen as an oxidant. The catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, and scanning electron microscopy. The MoVMnW mixed oxide catalyst showed the 70–90% of ethylene selectivity at the reaction temperatures. However, a significant decrease in the selectivity of ethylene was observed by increasing the reaction temperature from 235°C to 275°C

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Product Characteristics Using Steel Slag in a Mineral Carbonation Plant

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology can reduce CO2 emissions by 85 to 95% for power plants and kilns with high CO2 emissions. Among CCS technologies, carbon dioxide capture using steel slag is a method of carbonating minerals by combining oxidized metals in the slag, such as CaO, MgO, and SiO2, with CO2. This study assessed the amount of CO2 captured and the sequestration efficiency in operating a mineral carbonation plant with a CO2 capture capacity of 5 tons/day by treating the exhaust gas from a municipal waste incinerator and identified the characteristics of the mineral carbonation products. As a result, the average concentration of CO2 in the inflow and outflow gas during the reaction time was 10.0% and 1.1%, respectively, and the average CO2 sequestration efficiency was 89.7%. This resulted in a conversion rate of CaO of > 90%. This study manifested that mineral carbonation products are more stable than steel slag as a construction material and are effective at sequestering CO2 by forming chemically stable CaCO3