EVALUATION OF PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEANUT SEED VARIETY IN MYANMAR

Peanut (groundnut) is the most important oil seed crop produced by Central Dry Zone in Myanmar. Peanut production and utilization have been important due to its high oil content and nutritive value. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the proximate and mineral compositions of four different types of peanut seed variety (Sinpadethar-11, Spain- 121, Pin Pyant 6 Month and Pin Pyant 4 Month) which were procured from Department of Agricultural Research (DAR), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation. The proximate parameters were determined by standard method while mineral contents were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) with dry ashing method. Peanut samples were examined for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fiber, total carbohydrate contents, thousand seeds weight, calcium and magnesium contents. The proximate composition results were ranged from the moisture (4.37- 5.06 %), ash (2.39-2.62 %), crude oil content (34.60 - 45.75 %), crude protein (22.23 - 26.50 %), crude fiber (6.77 - 8.89 %) and total carbohydrate contents (17.26 - 25.09 %) respectively. While the mineral compositions for peanut sample were (27.25 – 85.74 mg/100g) of calcium and (124.19 - 299.56 mg/100g) of magnesium respectively

Interaction between palm stearin and milk fat fractions and their implication for the preparation of cold spreadable fats

The demand for convenience (e.g., spreadable at refrigeration temperature) and health (inclusion of polyunsaturated fat and absence of trans fatty acids) is reflected in the composition of the fat spreads available in the market today. Two types of fat spreads are available, i.e. butter and margarine. In the production of cold spreadable fat, different oils and fats are blended to make a product that is spreadable at refrigerated temperature. However, incompatibilities between fats limit the use of modified fat in confectionery products. To understand interaction between palm stearin and milk fat fraction, the effects of blending and interaction on the physicochemical characteristics of the blends were studied. Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was fractionated by two-stage acetone fractionation process to produce three fractions: high melting (HMF), middle melting (MMF) and low melting (LMF) fractions. To study purity, laboratory milk fat fractions were compared with commercial milk fat fractions. Then palm stearin and milk fat fractions were blended in various ratios. The characteristics of the palm stearin based blends were tailored to resemble oil blends extracted from commercial soft margarine. It was found that the purity of laboratory fractions were better than the commercial fractions. Eutectic interaction was observed in the bends, indicating the limited compatibility between two fats. Results showed that eutectic interactions could be eliminated by interesterification. However a bigger increase in slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) restrict its use in cold spreadable fat. Formulation diagrams showed that cold spreadable fat could be produced by blending of 16.7% of soft palm oil stearin, (sPOs), 16.7% of MMF and 66.6% of LMF before interesterification. Similarly, uninteresterified ternary blend containing 9% of hard palm oil stearin (hPOs), 15% of MMF and 76% of LMF could be used to produce the cold spreadable fat. However, the texture of the product may change during storage due to eutectic effect. Interesterification of these blends results in increase SFC>32% at 10˚C in all ternary mixture. This increase caused reduction in spreadability and hence rendered them less suitable as cold spreadable fats

Study on Utilization of Acid Treated Coconut Shell Carbon on Removal of Lead from Industrial Effluent

Lead is one of the major pollutants in wastewater. It is used as a major raw material in battery manufacturing and industrial effluent from this industry can contain high concentration of lead. In this research, removal of lead from this industrial effluent has been investigated by using coconut shell sulphonated and nitrated carbon from carbonized coconut shell powder. Carbonization temperatures were 300ºC, 400ºC, 500ºC, 600ºC, 700ºC respectively at resident time of 10 minutes. Determination of yield %, the most suitable temperature, as well as ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content and iodine adsorption activity of carbonized carbon were studied. The most suitable carbonization temperature was found to be 500ºC. Carbonized powdered carbon (500ºC) was activated with various concentrations of sulphuric acid and nitric acid for 24 hour. Effect of various parameters such as acid concentration (1N, 1.25N, 1.5N, 1.75N, 2.0N) for activation on adsorption efficiency of sulphonated and nitrated carbon was characterized by iodine adsorption activity and methylene blue decolorizing power. It was found that carbon activated by 1.5N sulphuric acid and nitric acid had the most favorable for adsorption. Effect of pH of battery industrial effluent and amount of sulphonated and nitrated carbon on removal of lead from battery industrial effluent were determined. Amount of lead in industrial effluent before and after treatment were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). It was found that the maximum removing efficiency of lead by 200 mg of sulphonated carbon was 96.3% and that of nitrated carbon was 97% for industrial waste water at pH 6. The result indicated that acid treated carbonized coconut shell powder could be used as high capacity adsorbent for the removal of lead from industrial effluent

Study on Adsorption Activity of Activated Carbon Prepared from Groundnut Shell for Colour Removal of Cottage Textile Industrial Effluent

In this research, the adsorbent (activated groundnut shell carbon) was prepared from groundnut shells for the removal of colour in cottage textile industrial effluents. Activated groundnut shell carbon (AGC) was prepared by carbonization at 600◦C for 30 minutes and activation with 2N H2SO4. Physico-chemical properties of activated groundnut shell carbon was measured by SEM. Then, selected different process parameters like effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial effluent concentration were investigated for adsorption study to reduce colour in cottage textile industrial effluent. Colour removal efficiencies of activated groundnut shell carbon were determined by using UV spectrophotometer. Treated cottage industrial effluents were characterized by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD). Heavy metal contents of treated cottage textile industrial effluents were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results indicated that AGC was strongly colour adsorbed at pH-4. Maximum colour removal efficiency (99.8 %) of AGC was obtained by treating with the amount of 1.2 g for the contact time of 2 hr. Results suggested that BOD and COD contents of cottage textile industrial effluents were efficiently reduced to (30.77%), and Cd to (44 %) by AGC