1,435 research outputs found
A SPAD-Based Photon Detecting System for Optical Communications
A small array of single photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) has been designed and fabricated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process to test a new photon detecting system for optical communications. First numerical results are presented which show that using arrays of SPADs reduces the optical power density required at the receiver. Experimental results then show that the new system preserves the photon counting ability of the SPADs. Finally a simple method is presented which can be used to estimate the size of array needed to achieve a particular target bit error rate at a specific optical power density. Together these results indicate that by replacing the avalanche photodiode in a receiver with the new system it will be possible to count the received photons
Forecasting scenarios for UK household expenditure and associated GHG emissions : Outlook to 2030
Peer reviewedPreprin
Energy efficient clustering and routing optimization model for maximizing lifetime of wireless sensor network
Recently, the wide adoption of WSNs (Wireless-Sensor-Networks) is been seen for provision non-real time and real-time application services such as intelligent transportation and health care monitoring, intelligent transportation etc. Provisioning these services requires energy-efficient WSN. The clustering technique is an efficient mechanism that plays a main role in reducing the energy consumption of WSN. However, the existing model is designed considering reducing energy- consumption of the sensor-device for the homogenous network. However, it incurs energy-overhead (EO) between cluster-head (CH). Further, maximizing coverage time is not considered by the existing clustering approach considering heterogeneous networks affecting lifetime performance. In order to overcome these research challenges, this work presents an energy efficient clustering and routing optimization (EECRO) model adopting cross-layer design for heterogeneous networks. The EECRO uses channel gain information from the physical layer and TDMA based communication is adopted for communication among both intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication. Further, clustering and routing optimization are presented to bring a good trade-off among minimizing the energy of CH, enhancing coverage time and maximizing the lifetime of sensor-network (SN). The experiments are conducted to estimate the performance of EECRO over the existing model. The significant-performance is attained by EECRO over the existing model in terms of minimizing routing and communication overhead and maximizing the lifetime of WSNs
Study of underlying particle spectrum during huge X-ray flare of Mkn 421 in April 2013
Context: In April 2013, the nearby (z=0.031) TeV blazar, Mkn 421, showed one
of the largest flares in X-rays since the past decade. Aim: To study all
multiwavelength data available during MJD 56392 to 56403, with special emphasis
on X-ray data, and understand the underlying particle energy distribution.
Methods: We study the correlations between the UV and gamma bands with the
X-ray band using the z-transformed discrete correlation function. We model the
underlying particle spectrum with a single population of electrons emitting
synchrotron radiation, and do a statistical fitting of the simultaneous,
time-resolved data from the Swift-XRT and the NuSTAR. Results: There was rapid
flux variability in the X-ray band, with a minimum doubling timescale of hrs. There were no corresponding flares in UV and gamma bands. The
variability in UV and gamma rays are relatively modest with and
respectively, and no significant correlation was found with the
X-ray light curve. The observed X-ray spectrum shows clear curvature which can
be fit by a log parabolic spectral form. This is best explained to originate
from a log parabolic electron spectrum. However, a broken power law or a power
law with an exponentially falling electron distribution cannot be ruled out
either. Moreover, the excellent broadband spectrum from keV allows us
to make predictions of the UV flux. We find that this prediction is compatible
with the observed flux during the low state in X-rays. However, during the
X-ray flares, the predicted flux is a factor of smaller than the
observed one. This suggests that the X-ray flares are plausibly caused by a
separate population which does not contribute significantly to the radiation at
lower energies. Alternatively, the underlying particle spectrum can be much
more complex than the ones explored in this work.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, Accepted in A&
On Directed Feedback Vertex Set parameterized by treewidth
We study the Directed Feedback Vertex Set problem parameterized by the
treewidth of the input graph. We prove that unless the Exponential Time
Hypothesis fails, the problem cannot be solved in time on general directed graphs, where is the treewidth of
the underlying undirected graph. This is matched by a dynamic programming
algorithm with running time .
On the other hand, we show that if the input digraph is planar, then the
running time can be improved to .Comment: 20
Broadband study of blazar 1ES 1959+650 during flaring state in 2016
Aim : The nearby TeV blazar 1ES 1959+650 (z=0.047) was reported to be in
flaring state during June - July 2016 by Fermi-LAT, FACT, MAGIC and VERITAS
collaborations. We studied the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in
different states of the flare during MJD 57530 - 57589 using simultaneous
multiwaveband data to understand the possible broadband emission scenario
during the flare. Methods : The UV/optical and X-ray data from UVOT and XRT
respectively on board Swift and high energy -ray data from Fermi-LAT
are used to generate multiwaveband lightcurves as well as to obtain high flux
states and quiescent state SEDs. The correlation and lag between different
energy bands is quantified using discrete correlation function. The synchrotron
self Compton (SSC) model was used to reproduce the observed SEDs during flaring
and quiescent states of the source. Results : A decent correlation is seen
between X-ray and high energy -ray fluxes. The spectral hardening with
increase in the flux is seen in X-ray band. The powerlaw index vs flux plot in
-ray band indicates the different emission regions for 0.1 - 3 GeV and
3-300 GeV energy photons. Two zone SSC model satisfactorily fits the observed
broadband SEDs. The inner zone is mainly responsible for producing synchrotron
peak and high energy -ray part of the SED in all states. The second
zone is mainly required to produce less variable optical/UV and low energy
-ray emission. Conclusions : Conventional single zone SSC model does
not satisfactorily explain broadband emission during observation period
considered. There is an indication of two emission zones in the jet which are
responsible for producing broadband emission from optical to high energy
-rays.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, Accepted in A&
Biologically meaningful coverage indicators for eliminating malaria transmission.
Mosquitoes, which evade contact with long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays, by feeding outdoors or upon animals, are primary malaria vectors in many tropical countries. They can also dominate residual transmission where high coverage of these front-line vector control measures is achieved. Complementary strategies, which extend insecticide coverage beyond houses and humans, are required to eliminate malaria transmission in most settings. The overwhelming diversity of the world's malaria transmission systems and optimal strategies for controlling them can be simply conceptualized and mapped across two-dimensional scenario space defined by the proportion of blood meals that vectors obtain from humans and the proportion of human exposure to them which occurs indoors
Screening strategies for a sustainable endpoint for Gambiense sleeping sickness
Background.
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT, sleeping sickness) is a vector-borne disease typically fatal without treatment. Intensified, mainly medical-based, interventions in endemic areas have reduced the occurrence of gHAT to historically low levels. However, persistent regions, mainly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), remain a challenge to achieving the World Health Organization global elimination of transmission (EOT) target.
Methods.
Stochastic models of gHAT transmission fitted to DRC case data explored patterns of regional reporting and extinction. The time to EOT at a health zone scale (∼100,000 people) and how an absence of reported cases informs about EOT was quantified.
Results.
Regional epidemiology and level of active screening (AS) both influenced the predicted time to EOT. Different AS cessation criteria had similar expected infection dynamics and recrudescence of infection was unlikely. However, whether EOT has been achieved when AS ends, is critically dependent on the stopping criteria. Two or three consecutive years of no detected cases provided greater confidence of EOT compared to a single year (66-75% and 82-84% probability of EOT respectively compared to 31-51%).
Conclusion.
Multiple years of AS without case detections is a valuable measure to assess the likelihood that the EOT target has been met locally
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