Spatial Planning in the European Union: Practices to Draw on in Russia

In this article, we employ a systemiccomplex methodology to consider the targets, functions, and content of spatial planning in European countries and compare them to urban planning practices in Russia. We analyse concepts and terminology used in spatial planning and related areas — territorial, marine, and underground planning. The article examines the evolution of the ideas of spatial planning in the EU. We consider the documentary framework for spatial planning from the last third of the 20th century to the present. The basic principles of spatial planning are identified in the article. We describe the level of territorial development management in the EU and its member states. The concept of ‘best practices’ is interpreted as an approach that includes the transfer of expert knowledge, concepts, ideas and practices developed in certain conditions and their adaptation to the needs of a different set of conditions in order to attain similar goals using the components of the transferred technique, model, or policy. We present a classification of spatial planning systems. We show how civil society is being involved in spatial planning in the EU and Russia. We stress the need to draw on the EU spatial planning experience, in particular, the involvement of civil society in project evaluation. At the same time, it is important to take into account the features of Russian natural and socioeconomic conditions

АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СВЕТОДИОДНОЙ ПОДСВЕТКОЙ ДИСПЛЕЙНЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ

The analysis of control methods for LED backlighting of display devices is carried out. An analysis of the perception of pulsed light sources by human vision is given. Recommendations are given for choosing the frequency of LED-backlighting, information of visible flickering to the minimum level, the use of a direct current of LED power supply. A combined driver for powering the LED backlight is developed.Проведен анализ методов управления светодиодной подсветкой дисплейных устройств.  Дан анализ восприятия импульсных источников света человеческим зрением. Выданы рекомендации для выбора частоты LED-подсветки, сведения видимых мельканий до минимального уровня, использования постоянного тока питания светодиодов. Разработан комбинированный драйвер для питания LED-подсветки

Scenarios for the development of the Arctic region (2020–2035)

The importance of selecting the development of the Arctic seems to be relevant since rapid and irreversible changes are taking place there. Climate change and globalization are their prominent examples. A complex of factors has both positive and negative impacts on the use of natural resources and the positioning of states located not only within the Arctic but also outside it. The questions arise: what is the significance of these changes for geography, politics, and the management system? How should the comprehension of these processes be built? The relevance of the topic is enhanced by the fact that Russia has the most significant Arctic sector among the states with access to the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, our country has a leading role in working out strategies for the development of the Arctic. The comprehensive approach (considering the economic and political-geographical positions) is central in the article to analyze the directions of development of the Arctic territories. The method reveals the possibilities of sustainable development, which will provide Russia with strategic benefits within the Arctic and globally. The article discusses scenarios for the development of the Arctic, including the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, in the long-term perspective (until 2035). Substantiation of the long-term prospects for the development of the Arctic, despite Russian and foreign research, seems to be unrealistic due to lack of knowledge about the nature and consequences of climatic changes currently observed in this region and affecting global environmental management. The authors concluded that the priority directions of the Arctic development should be the ones based on positive and innovative trends

Totalitarianism and geography: L.S. Berg and the defence of an academic discipline in the age of Stalin

In considering the complex relationship between science and politics, the article focuses upon the career of the eminent Russian scholar, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876–1950), one of the leading geographers of the Stalin period. Already before the Russian Revolution, Berg had developed a naturalistic notion of landscape geography which later appeared to contradict some aspects of Marxist–Leninist ideology. Based partly upon Berg's personal archive, the article discusses the effects of the 1917 revolution, the radical changes which Stalin's cultural revolution (from the late 1920s) brought upon Soviet science, and the attacks made upon Berg and his concept of landscape geography thereafter. The ways in which Berg managed to defend his notion of geography (sometimes in surprisingly bold ways) are considered. It is argued that geography's position under Stalin was different from that of certain other disciplines in that its ideological disputes may have been regarded as of little significance by the party leaders, certainly by comparison with its practical importance, thus providing a degree of ‘freedom’ for some geographers at least analogous to that which has been described by Weiner (1999. A little corner of freedom: Russian nature protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley: University of California Press) for conservationists. It is concluded that Berg and others successfully upheld a concept of scientific integrity and limited autonomy even under Stalinism, and that, in an era of ‘Big Science’, no modernizing state could or can afford to emasculate these things entirely

МИНИМИЗАЦИЯ МЕРЦАНИЙ ИМПУЛЬСНО-МОДУЛИРОВАННОЙ ПОДСВЕТКИ В ПРОЕКЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМАХ НА МИКРОДИСПЛЕЯХ ОТРАЖАТЕЛЬНОГО ТИПА

The effect of pulsed LED light sources, widely used for illumination in projection optical indicator systems on perception of human vision, is analyzed. An analysis of the impulse signal of reflectors illumination has been carried out. Modeling and analysis of flickerings of a binary pulse-code modulated signal has been performed. Recommendations for reducing of visible flickering of the LED backlight up to the minimum level have been given.Проведен анализ влияния мерцаний импульсных светодиодных источников света, широко применяемых для подсветки в проекционных оптических системах индикации на восприятие человеческим зрением. Проведен анализ импульсного сигнала подсветки микродисплеев отражательного типа. Осуществлено моделирование и анализ мерцаний бинарного импульсно-кодового модулированного сигнала. Выданы рекомендации для сведения видимых мерцаний до минимального уровня

Landscape science: a Russian geographical tradition

The Russian geographical tradition of landscape science (landshaftovedenie) is analyzed with particular reference to its initiator, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876-1950). The differences between prevailing Russian and Western concepts of landscape in geography are discussed, and their common origins in German geographical thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are delineated. It is argued that the principal differences are accounted for by a number of factors, of which Russia's own distinctive tradition in environmental science deriving from the work of V. V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903), the activities of certain key individuals (such as Berg and C. O. Sauer), and the very different social and political circumstances in different parts of the world appear to be the most significant. At the same time it is noted that neither in Russia nor in the West have geographers succeeded in specifying an agreed and unproblematic understanding of landscape, or more broadly in promoting a common geographical conception of human-environment relationships. In light of such uncertainties, the latter part of the article argues for closer international links between the variant landscape traditions in geography as an important contribution to the quest for sustainability

ANALYSIS OF CONTROL METHODS FOR LED BACKLIGHTING OF DISPLAY DEVICES

The analysis of control methods for LED backlighting of display devices is carried out. An analysis of the perception of pulsed light sources by human vision is given. Recommendations are given for choosing the frequency of LED-backlighting, information of visible flickering to the minimum level, the use of a direct current of LED power supply. A combined driver for powering the LED backlight is developed

Principy territorial'nogo planirovanija i ih realizacija v Evropejskom sojuze i Rossijskoj Federacii

This article analyzes the principles of spatial planning, which form the basis for this type of urban development in the countries of the European Union (EU) and in the Russian Federation. The following principles are considered and compared for both territories: 1) promotion of territorial cohesion through a more balanced social and economic development of regions and improved competitiveness; 2) encouragement of development generated by urban functions and improvement of the relationship between the town and countryside; 3) promotion of more balanced accessibility; 4) development of access to information and knowledge; 5) reduction of environmental damage; 6) enhancement and protection of natural resources and natural heritage; 7) enhancement of cultural heritage as a factor for development; 8) developing energy resources while maintaining safety; 9) encouragement of highquality, sustainable tourism. An efficiency analysis of these principles showed that the level of their application for ensuring sustainable development differs. It is a result of the significant differences in natural and socio-economic conditions of sustainable development in these countries, as well as different experiences and traditions in the space-time dimension. In most EU countries, ministries of spatial planning were established as early as the 1960s; in the Russian Federation, such authority still does not exist. The coordination of spatial development by the Russian Ministry of Regional Development is of fragmentary nature; therefore, at the moment, the efficiency of spatial planning is rather low. The authors find it necessary to adopt EU practices of urban planning in view of the Russian spatial potential

Minimization of flickering of impulse modulated illumination in projection systems on microdisplays of reflective type

The effect of pulsed LED light sources, widely used for illumination in projection optical indicator systems on perception of human vision, is analyzed. An analysis of the impulse signal of reflectors illumination has been carried out. Modeling and analysis of flickerings of a binary pulse-code modulated signal has been performed. Recommendations for reducing of visible flickering of the LED backlight up to the minimum level have been given

A Geographic Approach to Measuring and Organising Affordable Medical and Therapeutic Tourism for People with Dementia

The article covers the geographical features of the organisation of medical tourism for a group of the world's population suffering from a brain disease – dementia. The main attention is paid to the development of this type of tourism in Russia in comparison with some other countries. The question is raised about the involvement of these people in tourism activities, which could help to improve their health status and improve the living environment of societies. The main problems faced by tourists with the disease dementia are considered. The authors advocate that freedom of movement is the inalienable right of every person. Therefore, the creation of conditions for comfortable travel of people even with mental defects becomes a necessary measure to ensure the sustainable development of accessible tourism infrastructure. The recommendations are given, the implementation of which will allow organising an efficiently working tourist and recreational system that satisfies the needs of these peculiar recreational tourists, as well as the interests of all society representatives