GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF HABANERO CHILI (CAPSICUM CHINENSE JACQ.)

Objective. To determine improvement genetic impact on maintenace and conservation of genetic diversity of chillie habanero pepper. Metodolgy. Scientific articles, books, journalistic notes, and technical brochures on issues related to breeding and diversity were reviewed. In addition, historical reviews were considered, as well as interviews with the main chile plant producers of the Yucatan peninsula. The information obtained was analyzed, classified, exposed and discussed. Results. The genetic diversity of the habanero pepper chilli  is being affected by the introduction and planting of hybrids and varieties, limiting landraces use and Origin. Denomination  Study limitations. Lack of research on the subject. Conclusions. Regional genetic improvement is requiered for genetic diversity conservation.Objective: To determine the impact of genetic improvement on the maintenance and preservation of the genetic diversity of habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.).Methodology: We reviewed topics related to the genetic improvement and diversity of habanero chili. We included historic reviews, as well as interviews with plant breeders and nursery growers of the Yucatán Peninsula. The information thus obtained was classified, analyzed, and discussed.Results: The introduction and use of hybrids and varieties is affecting the genetic  diversity of habanero chili, restricting the cultivation of local varieties and, therefore, the use of the Designation of Origin. Conclusions: Regional genetic improvement is needed to preserve genetic diversity

Characterization and description of beekeeping agroecosystems in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico

Objective: to characterize honey bee (Apis mellifera) production systems in the municipality of Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: the sample was made up by 10% of the beekeepers in Holpechén, identified through the snowball method. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed with 94 questions grouped into five sections (general information, structure of the systems, product trade, technologies used, and decision making). The questionnaire was applied through the technique of interviewing those responsible for the 118 beekeeping production systems. The information obtained with the questionnaires was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: beekeeping is an important productive activity in the region of Los Chenes and La Montaña in Hopelchén, which are undergoing the process of generational replacement and are currently maintained by young adult producers who are younger than 45 years old. They own 55 hives on average per producer, which are located at a distance of 7.7 km from their households. The main technology is the use of sugar for feed, by 50% of producers, followed by the diagnosis of Varroa infestation and determination of moisture with 35 and 21.5% of beekeepers. Limitations on study/implications: the limited access to regions with beekeeping potential, as well as the lack of monitoring by outside staff, does not ease open-mindedness of beekeepers toward researchers. Findings/conclusions: the characterization of beekeeping production systems with high potential allows proposing improvement strategies to promote the development of small-scale producers

Morphological characterization of Maax pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum) and Pico Paloma pepper (Capsicum frutescens)

OBJECTIVE. Morphologicall characterization of main wild chilli peppers found in the Campeche state and Yucatan Peninsula: Maax (Capsicum annuum Var Glabriesculum) and Pico Paloma (Capsicum frutescens) chilli pepper. Methodology. Two seed compounds of wild chilli pepper were evaluated, Maax  and Pico Paloma, product of a preliminary collection in the State of Campeche. Both ecotypes were evaluated ex situ during 2016 and 2017 under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation was carried out jointly with eight other ecotypes under a randomized block design with three replications. The morphological was based on the characteristics considered in the IPGRI Capsicum descriptor. The morphological cuantitative characterization was based on descriptive statistics. Results. The main differentiating characteristics between the Maax and Pico Paloma chilli pepper were: the shape, length and width of the cotyledonous leaf, shape and margin of the leaf, number of flowers per axil, color and spot of the corolla, number of fruit locules and seed surface. Findings / Conclusions. The morphological characterization allowed to establish structural anatomical differences between the Maax pepper and the Pico Paloma pepper; it also contributed to the knowledge of the ex situ plant growth characteristics and the identification of some characteristics that contribute to the explanation of the morphological variation between the evaluated ecotypes.Objective: To morphologically characterize two wild species of Capsicum annuum Var. Glabriusculum (Maax pepper) and Capsicum frutescens (Pico Paloma pepper). Methodology: Two seed compounds were evaluated, one from Maax pepper and another from Pico Paloma pepper, collected in Campeche, Mexico. Both ecotypes were evaluated ex situ in the 2016 and 2017 cycles, under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation was carried out jointly with eight other ecotypes in a randomized block design with three repetitions. The morphological characterization was based on the Capsicum descriptor of the IPGRI. The ecotypes were characterized and compared based on descriptive statistics. Results: The main differential characteristics were: shape, length, and width of the cotyledonous leaf; shape and margin of the leaf; number of flowers per axil; color and spot of corolla; number of fruit’s locules, and seed surface. Conclusions: The morphological characterization allowed to establish differences between the two genotypes; contributing to the knowledge of ex situ growth characteristics

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in Citrus volkameriana Tan & Pasq

ABSTRAC Objective. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation with Glomus spp Zac- 19 (G. claroides, G. diaphanum, and G. albidum) application on Citrus volkameriana Tan & Pasq plants was evaluated to assess growth in nursery conditions without fertilizer application. Methodology. The evaluated treatments were inoculation with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g of inoculum, plus a control treatment without inoculation, in a randomized complete block experimental design with three replicates. The study variables were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, and mycorrhizal colonization. Results A significant statistical response (p?0.01) to inoculation was observed, with a greater growth of mycorrhized plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation was considered appropriate for all levels of inoculation. The outstanding treatment corresponded to the inoculation with 10 g of inoculum which produced plants with 110.16 cm height; 38.56 leaves per plant; 1.13 cm stem diameter; 35.95 g dry root weight; 76.88 g dry weight of the aerial part of the plant; 225.03 cm2 of leaf area per plant, and 88.87% of mycorrhizal colonization in the last sampling. Conclusions The application of 10 g of the Glomus spp Zac-19 arbuscular mycorrhizal consortium per plant to the Citrus volkameriana root promoted the production of more vigorous plants for grafting, without the application of chemical fertilizer.Objective. We evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in Citrusvolkameriana Tan & Pasq plants with the application of Glomus spp Zac- 19 (G.claroides, G. diaphanum and G. albidum) to assess growth under greenhouseconditions without fertilizer application.Methodology. The evaluated treatments were inoculation with 2,4,6,8, and 10 g ofinoculum, plus a control without inoculation in an experimental design of completerandomized blocks with three replications. Variables were plant height, stem diameter,number of leaves, foliar area, dry weight, and mycorrhizal colonization.Results. A statistically significant response (p?0.01) to inoculation wasobserved, registering higher growth of mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation wasconsidered appropriate for all the levels evaluated. The outstanding treatment was 10 gof inoculum that produced plants with 110.16 cm in height for the last sampling; 38.56leaves per plant; 1.13 cm stem diameter; 35.95 g dry weight of root; 76.88 g dry weightof the aerial part of the plant; 225.03 cm 2 of leaf area per plant and 88.87% ofmycorrhizal colonization.Conclusions. The application of 10 g per plant to the roots of Citrus volkameriana fromthe Glomus Zac-19 arbuscular mycorrhizal consortium promoted the production of morevigorous plants for grafting, without the application of chemical fertilizer

Characterization of Sheep Farming in Agroecosystems of Indigenous Communities in Campeche, Mexico

Objective: Characterize sheep production among indigenous producer agroecosystems that received financial support from the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI) (National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples), in Campeche, Mexico. Design/methodology/approximation: A socioeconomic and technical questionnaire was designed and provided to 199 producers grouped into 27 sheep production units, from seven municipalities in the state of Campeche. Results: Sheep production within the indigenous communities of Campeche is characterized by the use of extensive grazing, low levels of technology, limited facilities, and high participation by adult women who are willing to learn and implement innovations and technologies. The production systems are the traditional type focused on the reproduction of herds for market sale and self-consumption, with no records of production and sheep reproductive performance. Producers want to continue their production activities and are willing to implement strategies that contribute to improving their production units. Limitations/implications: Provision of support policies and training protocols for sheep production must differentiate between indigenous and that performed by other social groups. Findings/conclusions? Sheep production units within the indigenous groups benefited by the CDI have limited facilities for adequate herd management, limited qualifications for herd management and maintenance of records on production and reproduction, hence the reason why the production system is classified as traditional. However, there is much participation by adult women who are willing to learn and implement innovations and technologies that contribute to improvement of their production units.Objective: To characterize sheep farming in agroecosystems of indigenous producerswho received financing from the National Commission for the Development ofIndigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas,CDI) in Campeche, Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: A questionnaire was designed with socioeconomicand technical characteristics and was applied to n=199 producers grouped into 27 sheepfarming units, distributed among seven municipalities of Campeche.Results: Sheep farming in the evaluated communities is characterized by extensivegrazing, a low technology level, lack of infrastructure, and high participation of women ofproductive age that are available to learn and implement innovations and technologies.The production system is traditional and focused on repopulating flocks, which are ameans of savings and auto-consumption, without productive and reproductive records.Producers are willing to implement strategies that contribute to improving their farmingunits.Study Limitations/Implications: Support policies, as well as capacity-building plans,should distinguish between indigenous and traditional sheep farming.Findings/Conclusions: The sheep farming units have inadequate infrastructure for flockmanagement, they demonstrate limited knowledge for their adequate management,there are no control records, and they are classified as a traditional farming system.Key words: Sheep, breeds, indigenous production units

Characterization of native Ya´ax ik chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Yucatan Peninsula

Objective. Morphological characterization of the Ya´ax ik chile: mount chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety of the Yucatan peninsula. Design/methodology/. Ya´ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources. Results. Plant of 118 cm and 34.8 cm high and width of ramification and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity of 7.42 and 2.32 cm long and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed. Findings and conclusions. Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive exploitation, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices.Objective: To morphologically characterize the Ya´ax ik chili pepper: wild chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety from the Yucatan Peninsula. Design/methodology: Ya´ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources. Results: The plant showed 118 cm and 34.8 cm of height and ramification width and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity with 7.42 and 2.32 cm length and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed. Findings and conclusions: Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive farming, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices

Typology of sheep farmers benefited by the Program for the Improvement of indigenous Production and Productivity

Objective: To identify the typology and describe the sheep farmers benefited by the Programa para el Mejoramiento de la Producción y Productividad Indígena (PROIN: Program for the Improvement of Indigenous Production and Productivity) of the Instituto Nacional de Pueblos Indígenas (INPI: National Institute for Indigenous Peoples), in Campeche. Design/Methodology/Approach: One-hundred ninety-nine sheep farmers registered as beneficiaries in the Program were interviewed. They belonged to 27 sheep farms (SF), located in seven municipalities. A questionnaire including socioeconomic and technical questions and 15 quantitative and qualitative variables was conducted. Variables were correlated and a principal components analysis was carried out to define types of farms. The variables that explained the highest variability in the data set were number of sheep, number of sheep sold per year, annual income from sheep sales, productive purpose of the sheep farming, and feeding system. These variables were then used to perform a cluster analysis in order to identify and cluster the sheep farms. Results: Three groups of farmers were identified: Conventional (C, 74%) with 70 sheep and annual sales for $10,109.00; Transitional (T, 15$36,680.00; and those in business (B, 11%) with 142 sheep and annual sales for $48,443.00. All the producers (100%) carry out extensive grazing. The breeds used by C and T are Pelibuey × Black Belly (78%), while B uses Pelibuey × Kathadin (21.7%). Study Limitations/Implications: Implemented support strategies must differentiate according to the type of farm. Findings/Conclusions: Three types of sheep farmers were identified: Conventional, Transitional, and Enterprise. Farmer types were differentiated by the number of sheep, sales, income, sheep production system, and feeding system they use

Caracterización varietal del chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) var. Rosita

Objective: Characterize the Rosita variety of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) as a variant landrace of the traditional habanero for conservation and genetic improvement purposes. Design/methodology/approach: Fruits were collected from ten production units in 2015, reproducing and characterizing them. The varietal characterization was carried out ex situ under greenhouse and fertigation conditions based on the IPGRI guide (1995), characterizing the seedling in nursery and the plant to transplant: leaves, stem, flower, fruit and seed. The fertilization was carried out applying every third day a gram of triple fertilizer 19 (N-P-K) dissolved in water, from the appearance of the first true leaves, after the transplant the formula 100-100-100 (N-P-K) was applied by fertigation. With the data obtained and the use of descriptive statistics, averages and standard deviations were obtained for the quantitative characteristics. The qualitative characteristics gave value to a certain characteristic from its highest absolute frequency. Results: The distinguishing characteristics found were: hypocotyl with anthocyanins and pubescence; plant with semi-perennial cycle; habit of prostrate growth; anthocyanins in the knots; height greater than 85 cm; color of greenish yellow corolla; two or more flowers per armpit acampa breadfruit; transverse wrinkling of the fruit and medium-sized rough seed. Limitations on study/implications: The presence of some pests was treated with chemicals for whitefly, such as CalypsoÒ (Thiacloprid), ActaraÒ (Thiamethoxam), EvisectÒ (Tiocyclam hydrogenoxalate), and AplaudÒ (Buprofezin). Findings/conclusions: The distinctive morphological characteristics of habanero pepper Rosita were found in seedlings, flowering plants, fruits and seeds, which differentiate it from traditional habanero peppers.Objetivo: Caracterizar la variedad Rosita de chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) como una variante de uso común del habanero tradicional con fines de conservación y mejoramiento genético. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Fueron recolectados frutos de diez unidades de producción, reproduciéndolas para su caracterización ex situ en condiciones de invernadero y fertirriego con base a la guía del IPGRI (1995), caracterizando la plántula en vivero y la planta al trasplante: hojas, tallo, flor, fruto y semilla. La fertilización de realizó aplicando cada tercer día un gramo de fertilizante triple 19 (N-P-K) disuelto en agua, a partir de la aparición de las primeras hojas verdaderas, después del trasplante se aplicó mediante fertirriego la fórmula 100-100-100 (N-P-K). Con los datos obtenidos y el uso de estadística descriptiva se obtuvieron promedios y desviación estándar para las características cuantitativas. Las características cualitativas dieron valor a una determinada característica a partir de su mayor frecuencia absoluta. Resultados: Las características distintivas fueron: hipocotilo con antocianinas y pubescencia; planta con ciclo semi-perenne; hábito de crecimiento postrado; antocianinas en los nudos; altura mayor de 85 cm; color de la corola amarillo verdosa; dos o más flores por axila fruto acampanulado; arrugamiento trasversal del fruto y semilla rugosa de tamaño medio. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La presencia de algunas organismos plaga fueron combatidos con CalypsoÒ (Thiacloprid), ActaraÒ (Tiametoxam), EvisectÒ (Tiocyclam hidrogenoxalato), y AplaudÒ (Buprofezin). Hallazgos/conclusiones: Las características morfológicas distintivas del chile habanero Rosita se encontraron en plántula, planta flor, fruto y semilla, que lo diferencian del chile habanero tradicional

Desarrollo fenológico y producción de biomasa del pasto maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) cultivado en el sureste mexicano

Objective: with the objective of generating information in relation to the production of this pasture, in this work we have studied the phenological development and the amount of biomass produced under the conditions of the Mexican southeast. Design / Methodology / Approach: Under this premise and; by evaluating two establishment techniques (staked and crossed), different doses of nitrogen fertilization (100, 150, 200 kg/urea/ha-1) and two cutting ages (60 and 90 days). Results The results showed that statistically whatever the planting method, the fertilization dose and age of cut is equal (P> 0.05) the graphs prove that if there is a difference and very marked, the planted seed stands out with a little more production of 100 tons of biomass per hectare; with a fertilization based on 200kg/urea/ha-1. Findings / conclusions: With the sowing of maralfalfa in a staked form and the application of 200 kg of urea per ha-1, it is possible to obtain up to 10.53 ton/ha-1 of green forage.Objetivo: con el objetivo de generar información en relación a la producción de este pasto, en este trabajo se ha estudiado el desarrollo fenológico y la cantidad de biomasa producida bajo las condiciones del sureste mexicano.  Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: Bajo esta premisa y; mediante la evaluación de dos técnicas de establecimiento (estaqueada y cruzada), diferentes dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (100, 150, 200 kg/urea/ha-1) y dos edades de corte (60 y 90 días).   Resultados: Los resultados demostraron que estadísticamente cualquiera que fuere el método de siembra, la dosis de fertilización y edad de corte es igual (P>0.05) las gráficas comprueban que si existe diferencia y muy marcada, sobresaliendo la siembra estaqueada con una producción de poco más de 100 toneladas de biomasa por hectárea; con una fertilización de 200kg de urea ha-1.  Hallazgos/conclusiones: Sobresalen por su rendimiento de forraje a los 60 dds cruzada la aplicación de 150 y 200 Kg de urea ha-1 con 8.15 y 6.17 ton/ha-1, en tanto que para la siembra estaqueada el mejor rendimiento se obtuvo con la aplicación de 100 Kg de Urea

Seed germination of four amaranth species (Amaranthus spp.)

Amaranth (Amarantus spp.) is an important species for its benefits in human and animal nutrition, therefore, the reproduction of these species is important, supported by rigorous experiments that generate quality information. Consequently, the present work aimed to determine the germination of 20 accessions of four species of Amaranthus spp. This was carried out at the Technological Institute of Chiná, Campeche, Mexico, with seeds donated by The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), Iowa State University, from Africa, Asia, Greece, South America, USA, and Mexico. The seeds were weighed and measured, then they were sown in Petri dishes and kept in a germination chamber at 27 ºC and a relative humidity of 54 % in the dark, every 24 hours the germinated seeds were counted and removed. The analyzes were performed using the ANOVA test to identify differences in weight, length and germination between accessions. The results did not show statistical differences in seed length, between species or between accessions, with respect to weight if there were statistical differences both between species and between accessions. The results showed that A. hypochondriacus from India had the highest weight (0.00093 ± 0.000075 g). Germination did obtain statistical differences in the different evaluation times, at 24 and 48 hours, where the highest germination was in the species A. hypochondriacus and A cruentus. Therefore, it is concluded that seed germination is different in each species and accession.Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) is a species of great importance that benefits human and animal nutrition; therefore, its reproduction must be based on useful information obtained from rigorous experiments. Consequently, the aim of this work was to determine the germination of 20 accessions from four Amaranthus spp. The work was carried out at the Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Campeche, Mexico, using seeds from Africa, Asia, Greece, South America, the US, and Mexico, donated by The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), Iowa State University. After they were weighed and measured, the seeds were placed in Petri dishes and kept in the dark inside a germination chamber, at 27 ºC and with a 54% relative humidity. Germinated seeds were counted and removed every 24 hours. The analyses were carried out using the ANOVA test in order to identify weight, length, and germination differences between accessions. The results showed no statistical differences in seed length, neither between species nor accessions; however, there were statistical differences in the weight, both between species and between accessions. A. hypochondriacus from India recorded the highest weight (0.00093 ± 0.000075 g). Regarding germination, there were statistical differences between the various evaluation periods (24 and 48 hours): the highest germination was recorded by A. hypochondriacus and A cruentus. Therefore, the following conclusion was reached: seed germination is different between species and accessions