Utilization of Solar Heat for the Control of Cowpea Seed Beetle, Callosobruchus Macilatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)

A survey, consisting of two hundred sample farmers, was conducted in major cool-season food legume growing regions of Ethiopia. Assessment of grain legume seeds collected from sample farmers' stores revealed the importance of adzuki bean beetle, C. chinensis (L.). Storage pests were more serious in mid altitude than highland areas. Farmers realized the negative effect of storage insect pests on marketability, consumption quality and viability of legume seeds. Hence, development of economically feasible and environmentally friendly control options is needed. Biology of C. maculatus was studied on adzuki bean seeds in Malaysia at UPM. Mated female bruchid laid 61.8 eggs on average in its life with reproductive effort of 11.6. Eggs had average incubation period of 4.6 days and mean hatchability rate of 77.9%. Four larval instar stages were recognized. The insect had mean developmental period of 27.8 days with adult emergence rate of 62.0%. Number of eggs had strong negative relation to age of female bruchid while developmental period had positive relation. Obtuse-base-angle box heaters glued from inside with aluminum foil had better ability in trapping solar energy where 118' base-angle box had significantly high performance. Square box heaters painted black from inside trapped higher solar energy with better performance of boxes of 10 cm height, though not as capable as the obtuse-base-angle box heaters. The different glazing thicknesses and glazing layers did not show significant effect on the extent of trapped energy. Box heater of 118' base angle, glued from inside with aluminum foil was, therefore, promoted for further evaluation of the effect of heating on C. maculatus, due to its better performance in trapping solar energy. Effect of heat treatment on C. maculatus and adzuki bean seed moisture content and germination was evaluated. Exposure of the various developmental stages of C. maculatus to heat for up to 45 minutes raised the temperature between and within the seeds well in excess of the lethal level and resulted in complete control. Treatment of adzuki bean seeds with heat for up to one hour did not significantly affect seed viability. Though there was no significant difference, about 18.6% and 27% loss in seed viability resulted from seeds treated for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, should not be undermined. Hence, adzuki bean seeds meant for planting should not be heat treated to control storage insect pests. However, heat treatment had no much effect on seed moisture content. Assessment on the effect of seed layer thickness on the efficacy of heat treatment against C. maculatus revealed that up to 3 cm thickness of adzuki bean seed can be treated at a time, as neither adult bruchids survived heat treatment nor emerged later. Therefore, solar heating of infested adzuki bean seeds using the aforementioned box heater around noon for an hour can give effective control of C. maculatus

Post-Harvest Insect Pests and Their Management Practices for Major Food and Export Crops in East Africa: An Ethiopian Case Study

Ethiopian subsistence farmers traditionally store their grain harvests, leaving them open to storage pests and fungi that can cause contamination of major staple crops. Applying the most effective strategy requires a precise understanding of the insect species, infestation rates, storage losses, and storage conditions in the various types of farmers’ grain stores. This study did a complete literature analysis on post-harvest pest and management measures with a focus on Ethiopia. The most frequent insect pests of stored cereals in this study were weevils (Sitophilus spp.), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium sp.), sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus sp.), grain beetle (Cryptolestes spp.), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella). Flour beetles (Tribolium spp.), sawtoothed beetles (Oryzaephilus sp.), flat grain beetles (Cryptolestes pusillus), and some moths have been identified as common stored product pests of stored oil seed, while bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus chinensis) and the moths were reported for pulses. Additionally, the storage pests in Ethiopia under varied conditions caused storage losses of 9–64.5%, 13–95%, 36.9–51.9%, and 2–94.7% in maize, sorghum, chickpeas, and sesame, respectively. To reduce the losses incurred, preventative measures can be taken before infestations or as soon as infestations are discovered. A variety of pest population monitoring systems for harvested products and retailers have been developed and recommended. In this context, reducing post-harvest grain losses is an urgent concern for improving food accessibility and availability for many smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and ensuring the nation’s long-term food security

Genomics, genetics and breeding of tropical legumes for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers

Legumes are important components of sustainable agricultural production, food, nutrition and income systems of developing countries. In spite of their importance, legume crop production is challenged by a number of biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought and salinity), edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient deficits) and policy issues (where less emphasis is put on legumes compared to priority starchy staples). Significant research and development work have been done in the past decade on important grain legumes through collaborative bilateral and multilateral projects as well as the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes (CRP‐GL). Through these initiatives, genomic resources and genomic tools such as draft genome sequence, resequencing data, large‐scale genomewide markers, dense genetic maps, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and diagnostic markers have been developed for further use in multiple genetic and breeding applications. Also, these mega‐initiatives facilitated release of a number of new varieties and also dissemination of on‐the‐shelf varieties to the farmers. More efforts are needed to enhance genetic gains by reducing the time required in cultivar development through integration of genomics‐assisted breeding approaches and rapid generation advancement