Social Media and Study Habits of Secondary School Students in Anambra State, Nigeria

This study investigated social media use and study habits of secondary school students in Anambra State. Three research questions guided the study while four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The design of the study was descriptive survey. The population of the study is 4,996 consisting of Senior Secondary Two (SS2) students from public secondary schools in Awka Education Zone of Anambra State. The sample size consisted of 500 students chosen from their local governments and were randomly chosen. The instrument used for the study was Social Media Use Questionnaire and Study Habit Inventory. The instrument was validated by three experts and reliability index established to be 0.82. The instrument was distributed to the respondents and collected back immediately after filling. Statistical weighted mean was used to answer research question one while summated scores was used to answer research question two and three. t-test was used to test hypotheses one, two and three while Pearson Correlation Statistics was used to test hypotheses four at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that students access various social media but mostly accesses facebook, whatsapp and yahoo. Majority of the students 429 indicated that they have good pre-study habit while 326 students also indicated that they have good study habit. The findings also showed that student differ significantly in ten out of 21 social media they access due to gender. It is also observed that there no significant difference in the mean scores of male and female on their pre-study habit. There is also no significant difference in the mean scores of male and female students on their study habit. The finding also revealed that there is no significant relationship between students use of social media and study habit(r=0.02, p=0.57 ). Based on the findings the study recommended that Teachers, parents, guardians and school management should monitor their students on their use of social media even though it was observed in this study that social media has no significant effect on their study habit. They should also guide and inform them properly on the vulnerability they may face on these sites if not utilized in moderation

Is a Multipolar World a Concern to International Law?

Adjunct Professor Remiguis Chibueze, Attorney at Law; Adjunct Professor of Law, Golden Gate University School of Law

United States Objection to the International Criminal Court: A Paradox Of Operation Enduring Freedom

There has been tremendous success in the signing and ratification of the ICC Statute. To date, 139 countries have signed and 89 countries, encompassing countries from all regions of the globe, have ratified the statute, which took effect on July 1, 2002 after being ratified by more than 66 countries. While most countries declared their support for the ICC, the U.S. was not in favor of signing the statute and therefore voted against it. There is no doubt that the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States were crimes against humanity as contained in the Rome Statute. Therefore, if the ICC had existed on that date, it would have had jurisdiction to punish those responsible for the terrorist assaults on the United States. Paradoxically, while the United States is leading the rest of the world in the war against terrorism after the wake of September 11, 2001, it is also leading and instigating opposition to frustrate the effective operation of the ICC. This inconsistent position taken by the United States is the thesis of this paper. Part II of the paper summarizes the background and scope of the ICC. In part III, the paper discusses U.S. grounds for opposing the ICC and argues that those grounds offer no valid reason for the United States refusal to join the international community effort to establish a permanent criminal court to ensure that those who commit the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes are held accountable for their actions. Part IV examines specific steps taken by the United States to undermine the court, and evaluates the effect of U.S. opposition to the ICC. Part V concludes inter alia, that U.S. desire for a unipolar superpower regime will adversely affect United States interest in the long run, even if it provides any short term benefits

Optimizing Compton camera performance

Amore realistic simulation approach is used to study the behavior of the Compton camera in this thesis than previous studies to date. The Compton camera differs from gamma cameras in that the collimator is replaced by a detector known as the ‘scatterer’. Gamma rays may be Compton scattered in the scatterer and subsequently detected by an ‘absorber’ which is the equivalent of the detector in a gamma camera. By measuring the energies and the positions of the points on the scatterer and the absorber where the incident and scattered gamma rays interacted with the detectors, an image of the source can be reconstructed. Because there is no collimator present, the potential sensitivity of the Compton camera is much higher than the gamma camera, resulting in reduced acquisition times. Most of the work described in this thesis was done with the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation software. GEANT4 has been proven to be very robust and efficient in modelling physics problems of radiation transport and interactions with matter in complex geometries. Four major studies are carried out to estimate and optimize the performance of this novel equipment. The first study takes a look at the scatterer’s imaging parameters with the aim of prescribing an optimal scatterer material and geometry. In the second study, the contribution of the absorber to the overall Compton camera performance is evaluated, considering detector material, interaction type and geometry. The third study explores the limitations imposed by the detector energy threshold and dead time on the Compton camera performance, using a simplified model of the general electronic architecture. An evaluation of Compton camera for scintimammography was performed in the fourth study. For this study, three dual-head Compton camera models (Si/CZT, Si/LaBr₃:Ce and Si/NaI(Tl) Compton cameras) were simulated, and the effect of scintillation photons’ interactions with the photomultipliers was implemented. The results show that silicon of about 1 cm thickness would be adequate as the Compton camera scatterer. Analyses suggest however, that the choice of silicon is not completely flawless. Doppler broadening for this detector material contributes as much as 7.3 mm and 2.4 mm to full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) image resolution at 140.5 keV and 511 keV respectively. On the other hand, detector spatial resolution which accounts for the least image degradation at 140.5 keV is found to be the dominant degrading factor at 511 keV, suggesting that the absorber parameters play major roles in image resolution at higher diagnostic energies. Findings further suggest that cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) would be themost suitable detector as the absorber since thematerial demonstrated the highest efficiency and least positioning error due to multiple interactions as well as good spatial resolution. The inclusion of the energy threshold and detector dead time at 140.5 keV, reduced the Compton camera detection efficiency by 48% and 17% respectively, but improved the image resolution from 10.7 mm to 9.5 mm at the source-to-scatterer distance of 5 cm. At 511 keV, the inclusion of these parameters reduced the efficiency by 6% and 13% respectively, but made no significant difference on the camera resolution. For a challenging detection case in scintimammography, 5 mm breast tumours of tumour/background uptakes of 10:1 and 6:1 at 511 keV were used. The best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was attained for the Si/CZT Compton camera model, with the SNR values of 12.2 and 5.3. It is therefore envisioned that with an optimal camera geometry, improved reconstruction technique and adequate filter algorithm, the combination of Si and CZT as the scatterer and the absorber of the Compton camera would make a very promising imaging system for nuclear medicine studies at higher gamma ray energies where the collimated SPECT systems perform very poorly due to increased septal penetration. It is equally evident from the studies that with improved technology, new detectors such as LaBr₃:Ce could replace the traditional NaI(Tl) detector as imaging detectors

THE MARKETING OF THE INFORMATION PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN THE LIBRARIES

ABSTRACT This work, study the marketing of the information products and services in the libraries, with aim of finding out the prospect and challenge of marketing of the information products and services in the libraries. Literature review method was adopted to collect and analyse related findings of researches with views to marketing of the information products and services in the libraries. Various promotional tools use in marketing of information product and services in the library were identified by the study in. Library resources and services that are available for marketing was also identified. The prospect of marketing information product and services in the libraries includes, improve library services, improve the economic base of the library, create value, make the library profession known, brings about sustainability, improves patronage/usability and encouraged feed back. The study reveals that challenges facing the marketing of information product and services includes, Inadequate budgetary allocations for library services, Non-automation of library operations, Irregular power supply, Inadequate infrastructure, Understaffing, Low computer literacy among staff, Lack of professional training in marketing, Limited media access, Death of library materials to market, lack of marketing policy. Based on the finding the study recommended that, Library should look inward and take advantage of fee-based library services to augment inadequate budgetary allocation coming to them for effective library services. Also, Library should as matter of urgency automate their library and make it functional to attract good number of users once marketing is done

Productivity measurement and growth in Nigeria: challenges and prospects

Productivity (growth) measurements (describing the assessment of an economy’s rate of change in the ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use) and related analysis are regular undertakings by staff of economic development of most nations and development institutions such as the OECD. Although they strive to accomplish objectives related to studying efficiency or the achievement of maximum output physically achievable under the use of current technology and given inputs, accounting for the contribution of real costs savings; introduction of benchmarks for production processes and to highlight living standards obtaining at points in time, its emphasis has been at the expense of examination of issues related to society (institutions), history, innovation and productivity change, which are concerned with promoting growth beyond mere productivity accounting. This paper has attempted to address all these issues as they pertain to Nigeria’s rather stagnant or declining economy. This slight modification was prompted by changes from philosophers concerned with the wider area of productivity measurement and change. The literature agrees that productivity measurement (growth accounting) only “identified the significance of different proximate sources of growth” but fails to employ institutional, historical case studies to investigate the underlying causes of the growth, innovation and productivity change. Details of deficiencies related to the foregoing issues are examined and policy recommendations drafted and presented to assist practitioners, policy and decision makers and other stakeholders.productivity, change, improvement, growth, labour, corruption.

The International Criminal Court: Bottlenecks to Individual Criminal Liability in the Rome Statute

This paper highlights some of the inherent bottlenecks in the exercise of ICC jurisdiction that may diminish the Court\u27s ability to uphold the principle of individual criminal liability. In particular, this paper will analyze the principle of complementarity between the ICC and States Parties to the ICC Statute. Additionally, the legality of the so called Article 98 Immunity Agreement will be discussed. This paper without equivocation contends that the conclusion of Article 98 immunity agreement by ICC States Parties is a clear violation of their obligation to cooperate with the Court and to arrest and surrender suspects to the Court. Preceding the discussion on the bottlenecks in Court jurisdiction is a brief discussion of the provisions of the ICC Statute regarding individual criminal responsibility. In conclusion, this paper will argue that while the establishment of the ICC is one of the remarkable events of the twentieth century, the highlighted obstacles are capable of restricting the reach and effectiveness of the ICC as an institution designed to bring an end to the culture of impunity. Consequently, this paper advocates the elimination of said bottlenecks

RECORD MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES DELIVERY OF ENUGU ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (EEDC) AGUATA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OFFICE, ANAMBRA STATE

ABSTRACT This research work investigated the impact of record management on services delivery of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) Aguata local government area office, Anambra state. The study was carried out using descriptive survey research design. Five specific objectives, five research questions and five null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study, hypotheses was tested at 0.05 level of significance. Population of the study comprises 164 staff of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) Aguata local government area office, Anambra state, with sample size of 120 staff. Questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection. Data collected was analyzed using mean, percentage, standard deviation and t-test. Five problems were identified which include; poor record keeping method, inefficient management of generated record, lack of knowledge on how to maintain old record, lack of professional record manager, lack of weeding policy. Conceptual review was carried out on the concept of: Record management, Method of record keeping, Various generated record, Status of old record, Personnel in charge of the record storage, Record weeding policy, and Service delivery. The findings of the study revealed that there is significant impact of method of record keeping on service delivery of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company. Also, there is significant impact of record-weeding-policy on service delivery of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company. Based on the findings, recommendations were made as follows: that the management should buy and use more of electronics gadget for record keeping purpose. Also, that appropriate measure should be taking by the management to train record management staff on weeding activities