5 research outputs found
Diazonium-based anchoring of PEDOT on Pt/Ir electrodes via diazonium chemistry
Conducting polymers, specifically poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), have recently been coated onto Pt/Ir electrodes intended for neural applications, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS). This modification reduces impedance, increases biocompatibility, and increases electrochemically active surface area. However, direct electropolymerization of PEDOT onto a metallic surface results in physically adsorbed films that suffer from poor adhesion, precluding their use in applications requiring in vivo functionality (i.e. DBS treatment). In this work, we propose a new attachment strategy, whereby PEDOT is covalently attached to an electrode surface through an intermediate phenylthiophene layer, deposited by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt. Our electrodes retain their electrochemical performance after more than 1000 redox cycles, whereas physically adsorbed films begin to delaminate after only 40 cycles. Additionally, covalently attached PEDOT maintained strong adhesion even after 10 minutes of ultrasonication
(vs. 10 s for physically adsorbed films), confirming its suitability for long-term implantation in the brain. The simple two-step covalent attachment strategy proposed here is particularly useful for neural applications and could also be adapted to introduce other functionalities on the conducting surface
Electropolymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Coatings for Implantable Deep-Brain-Stimulating Microelectrodes
Conducting polymers have been widely explored as coating materials for metal electrodes to improve neural signal recording and stimulation because of their mixed electronic-ionic conduction and biocompatibility. In particular, the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the best candidates for biomedical applications due to its high conductivity and good electrochemical stability. Coating metal electrodes with PEDOT has shown to enhance the electrode's performance by decreasing the impedance and increasing the charge storage capacity. However, PEDOT-coated metal electrodes often have issues with delamination and stability, resulting in decreased device performance and lifetime. In this work, we were able to electropolymerize PEDOT coatings on sharp platinum-iridium recording and stimulating neural electrodes and demonstrated its mechanical and electrochemical stability. Electropolymerization of PEDOT:tetrafluoroborate was carried out in three different solvents: propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, and water. The stability of the coatings was assessed via ultrasonication, phosphate buffer solution soaking test, autoclave sterilization, and electrical pulsing. Coatings prepared with propylene carbonate or acetonitrile possessed excellent electrochemical stability and survived autoclave sterilization, prolonged soaking, and electrical stimulation without major changes in electrochemical properties. Stimulating microelectrodes were implanted in rats and stimulated daily, for 7 and 15 days. The electrochemical properties monitored in vivo demonstrated that the stimulation procedure for both coated and uncoated electrodes decreased the impedance
Exploring the Synergistic Effects of DualâLayer Electrodes for High Power LiâIon Batteries
Abstract The electrification of the transport sector has created an increasing demand for lithiumâion batteries that can provide high power intermittently while maintaining a high energy density. Given the difficulty in designing a single redox material with both high power and energy density, electrodes based on composites of several electroactive materials optimized for power or capacity are being studied extensively. Among others, fastâcharging LiFePO4 and high energy Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 are commonly employed in industrial cell manufacturing. This study focuses on comparing different approaches to combining these two active materials into a single electrode. These arrangements were compared using standard electrochemical (dis)charge procedures and using synchrotron Xâray fluorescence to identify variations in solution concentration gradient formation. The electrochemical performance of the layered electrodes with the highâpower material on top is found to be enhanced relative to its blended electrode counterpart when (dis)charged at the same specific currents. These findings highlight dualâlayer lithiumâion batteries as an inexpensive way of increasing energy and power density of lithiumâion batteries as well as a model system to study and exploit the synergistic effects of blended electrodes
Exploring the Synergistic Effects of DualâLayer Electrodes for High Power LiâIon Batteries
Abstract Invited for this issue's Front Cover are the group of Prof. Janine Mauzeroll and Prof. Steenâ
B. Schougaard. The front cover picture shows Liâmetal cells which contain two active materials (red and blue). The cell on the left has both materials intermixed (blended electrode), while the cell on the right has them segregated (dualâlayer electrode). The brightness emitted by the bulbs, the position on the scale, and the distribution of Li+ in the liquid phase (green orbs) reflects the highâpower capabilities of the dualâlayer architecture. Cover design by Jeremyâ
I.â
G. Dawkins, Janine Mauzeroll and Steenâ
B. Schougaard. Read the full text of the Research Article at 10.1002/celc.202300279