REVIEW ON ARGYREIA SPECIOSA (L. f.) SWEET. (VRDHHADARU): PLANT OF INDIAN MEDICAL LEXICONS

Argyreia speciosa Sweet. is a popular Indian medicinal plant, which has long been used in traditional Ayurvedic Indian medicine for various diseases. It is commonly known as Vidhaara or Vrddhadaru. It is a large creeper and is covered with hair all over. Flowers are either pink or red or purple coloured. It is not mentioned in Samhitas, but described in the Nighantu granthas. Vrddhadaru is a controversial drug. It is mainly confused with Ipomaea petaloidea. In Nighantus it is described by name of Vrddhadaru. It is mainly described in Dhanvantri Nighnatu, Shodhal Nighantu, Abhidhan Ratnamala, Madanpal Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Nighantu Adarsh and in Priya Nighantu. The Importance of Plant is well recognized by its presence in almost all Nighantus and by its therapeutic potential. Therapeutically prove action of Argyreia speciosa Sweet. Is in aphrodisiac, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, analgesic and central nervous depressant activities. A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from this plant. Its seeds mainly contain eragine, isoeragine which has hallucinogenic properties. It is a comprehensive account of the Taxonomy, Synonyms, Vernacular names, Classical review, Properties, Controversy, Morphology, Microscopy of root, stem & leaf, Chemical constituents & their action, Indication, Part used, Dosage, Therapeutic usage, Formulations & Preparations and recent research findings which shows the importance of plant and help to gain knowledge about the plant

A REVIEW ON CHITRAKA WITH ITS MEDICINAL PROPERTIES W.S.R TO ITS AMA PACHAN AND AGNI DEEPANA ACTION

If we talk about Ayurveda, Science of life, the concept of AMA is unique. Ama is a Sanskrit word that translates literally to mean things like "unripe," "uncooked," "raw," "immature," or "undigested. Essentially, it is a form of un-metabolized waste that cannot be utilized by the body.To some degree, the formation of small amounts of Ama is a normal part of the digestive process, provided it is efficiently removed. But when it is not regularly cleared and eliminated, ama becomes hugely problematic. In fact, Ama is said to be the root cause of all disease, and Amaya, a Sanskrit word for disease literally means "that which is born out of Ama. The connection between Ama and the disease process makes perfect sense because the qualities of Ama are in direct opposition to those of Agni. Strong Agni is essential to the maintenance of proper health. In other words, when Agni is compromised and when Ama accumulates, our health suffers, and the two situations are mutually reinforcing. In Ayurveda, the concept of Agni, is of central importance. In fact, the strength of Agni in the body is among the most critical factors in determining overall health. By contrast, Ama is a toxic, disease causing substance that forms as a result of impaired Agni, and that, in turn, destroys Agni. In this way, impaired Agni and the creation of Ama routinely enter into a vicious and self-perpetuating cycle. Unfortunately, the accumulation of Ama is extremely detrimental to our health; it can lead to all kinds of imbalances and is a causative factor in any number of diseases. Ama pachan and Agni Deepana is the best concept to improve all heath issues, for this the wonderful drug Chitraka is mentioned in our Ayurvedic texts. Here in this article we are going to discuss about Chitrak & its medicinal aspect as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF WOODFORDIA FLORIBUNDA SALISB.

Indian medicinal plants are the essence of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic treatments. When used judicially and clocking with the basic principles they produce miraculous effects. Fire flamed Bush (Woodfordia floribunda salisb), commonly called as Dhavari, Dhataki, belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is an important medicinal plant of tropical and subtropical India. Dhataki is a deciduous shrub, usually with a much fluted stem, spreading branches, 1-3 m high, rarely up to 7 m, commonly occurring throughout North India, ascending to an altitude of 1,500 m in the Himalayas, but rather scarce in South India. Acharya Charak quoted it among the fermenting agents (Asava yoni) and described under Purisasangrahniya, Mutravirajaniya and Sandhaniya group of drugs. The reported pharmacological activities of Woodfordia floribunda salisb. are antitumor activity, DNA inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant activities, antihyperglycemic activity, anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties, antimicrobial activity, hepatoprotective activity, etc. Dhataki is one of the major ingredient of many important formulations used in Ayurvedic system of medicine such as Dhatakyadi taila, Dhatakyadi curna, Pusyanuga curna, Brhat Gangadhara curna, Arvindasava. So this review paper is an attempt of the author to provide details of this medicinal plant Dhataki about its classical references, synonyms, botanical description, phytochemical and pharmacological activity and classical medicinal uses

A INTACT REVIEW ON NELUMBO NUCIFERA W.S.R TO ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Last few decades have again shown a notable interest in herbal products for food or in medicinal aspect, the reason behind this is the increasing awareness about the limitations of the synthetic agents. Kamal is a well known plant in ancient medical sciences. It is extensively described in almost all Samhitas and Nighantus of Ayurveda, which reflects its great medicinal value. It has been used extensively by Ayurvedic Physicians for centuries to treat a wide variety of disorders. It is edible used for food and medicine both. Kamal is Nelumbo nucifera Grertn (syn. Nelumbium speciosum Willd.; Nymphaea nelumbo Linn.) of Nelumbonaceae family. It is a perennial aquatic herb bearing the famous red lotus flowers. It has miraculous cooling effect and anti-haemorrhagic property. Its flowers contain robinin an glucoside. Leaves contains nuciferine an alkaloid, asmilobine & irinidine. Root contain isoliensinine neferine, seed contains armeparine. The different part contains different chemical constituents which enhance its medicinal value in different diseases. This article review the Ayurvedic literature, traditional uses, phytochemistry & therapeutic reports on different parts of N. nucifera. The review also describes various compound isolated from different parts of this plant & the therapeutic benefits derived from those phytoconstituents

REVIEW ON INDRAVARUNI (CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS SCHRAD): AN ETHNOMEDICINALLY RICH PLANT W.S.R. TO ITS THERAPEUTIC USES

Herbal medicines are being used by mankind for several years. In recent decade there has been a tremendous increase in interest towards plant based medicines, especially for new sources of drugs. Indravaruni is a well known plant of ancient medical sciences. It is described in almost all Samhitas and Nighantus of Ayurveda. Indravaruni is Citrullus colocynthis Schrad belongs to family Cucurbitaceae, mostly found throughout India, both wild and cultivated. Indravaruni is a trailing herb; its tendrils are simple, slender and hairy; leaves are variable in size with deltoid margin, pale green colour above and ashy colour beneath; It shows male and female flowers; fruit are globular slightly depressed green colour and get white glabrous when ripe. Fruit filled with dry spongy very bitter pulp. C. colocynthis is extensively used by the Ayurvedic practitioners to treat wide number disease. It is traditionally Practiced by various ethnic groups especially to treat Diabetes, Constipation, Abdominal Pain, Amennorhoea, Deafness, Rheumatism etc. Main chemical constituents of fruit pulp iscolocynthin, colocynthein and colocynthetin, pectin gum; seeds contain fixed oil and albuminoids. As per Ayurveda it is Tiktarasam, Usnaveeryam, Katuvipakam and used as purgative, diuretic Kaphaharam and abortifacient. This article review the taxonomical description, synonyms, vernacular names, classical review, part used, dosage, botanical description, Ayurvedic properties, phytochemistry, therapeutic uses, ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activity of Indravaruni

A Learning-Theoretic Framework for Certified Auditing of Machine Learning Models

Responsible use of machine learning requires that models be audited for undesirable properties. However, how to do principled auditing in a general setting has remained ill-understood. In this paper, we propose a formal learning-theoretic framework for auditing. We propose algorithms for auditing linear classifiers for feature sensitivity using label queries as well as different kinds of explanations, and provide performance guarantees. Our results illustrate that while counterfactual explanations can be extremely helpful for auditing, anchor explanations may not be as beneficial in the worst case

Sonographic assessment of predictors of depth of the corner pocket for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block

Background and Aims: There is wide variation in depth of brachial plexus in patient population at supraclavicular region. We plan to find the depth of the corner pocket and correlate it with age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: After approval from Ethics Committee, right-sided supraclavicular region of volunteers was scanned. Once an optimal image, which included subclavian artery, pleura, first rib and nerve bundles, was obtained, the "corner pocket" was kept in the middle of the screen and the image was frozen. Depth of the corner pocket from the skin was measured. Thereafter longest distance (LD) approximating needle trajectory was calculated. The Pearson correlation was used to calculate the relation between these two distances and various predictors such as weight, height, and BMI. Results: Mean shortest distance that is, vertical distance from skin to corner pocket for all volunteers was found to be 1.7 ± 0.8 cm and the mean LD that is, distance traveled by needle entering 1 cm from the edge of foot process to the corner pocket in an in-plane approach was 3.7 ± 0.2 cm. We did not find any significant correlation between age, height versus measured distances. However, significant correlation (0.11) was found between weights, BMI versus two lengths. Conclusion: Prescanning of supraclavicular region for estimating depth of corner pocket should be done before choosing an appropriate size needle. Furthermore, the needle should not be advanced more than the predicted corner pocket depth

Sonographic assessment of predictors of depth of the corner pocket for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block

Background and Aims: There is wide variation in depth of brachial plexus in patient population at supraclavicular region. We plan to find the depth of the corner pocket and correlate it with age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: After approval from Ethics Committee, right-sided supraclavicular region of volunteers was scanned. Once an optimal image, which included subclavian artery, pleura, first rib and nerve bundles, was obtained, the "corner pocket" was kept in the middle of the screen and the image was frozen. Depth of the corner pocket from the skin was measured. Thereafter longest distance (LD) approximating needle trajectory was calculated. The Pearson correlation was used to calculate the relation between these two distances and various predictors such as weight, height, and BMI. Results: Mean shortest distance that is, vertical distance from skin to corner pocket for all volunteers was found to be 1.7 ± 0.8 cm and the mean LD that is, distance traveled by needle entering 1 cm from the edge of foot process to the corner pocket in an in-plane approach was 3.7 ± 0.2 cm. We did not find any significant correlation between age, height versus measured distances. However, significant correlation (0.11) was found between weights, BMI versus two lengths. Conclusion: Prescanning of supraclavicular region for estimating depth of corner pocket should be done before choosing an appropriate size needle. Furthermore, the needle should not be advanced more than the predicted corner pocket depth

Protective effect of hesperetin against acrylamide induced acute toxicity in rats

164-170Hesperetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxyl flavanone) is found in citrus fruits and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects. Acrylamide (AA) has shown neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects in humans with occupational exposures and quantified in staple foods such as coffee, bread, cookies, french fries and in tobacco smoke. In this study, we haveevaluated therapeutic efficacy of hesperetin against AA toxicity. AA was given at 1/3rd of LD50 dose for 10 days to albino rats followed by therapy with different doses of hesperetin for 3 consecutive days. Various toxicity symptoms were observed which include significant reduction of body weight, hair loss, hindlimb splaying, dragging of back legs and irritation on skin. Toxicity symptoms also included significant reduction in level of heamoglobin, GSH, SOD, CAT and significant enhance in AST, ALT, albumin,urea, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol with LPO as compared to control group. Activity of acetylcholinesterase was also declined significantly after AA administration, which confirms neurotoxicity. Histopathological observations also supported biochemical studies. Administration of hesperetin at different doses brought the studied parameters towards control in a dose dependent manner concluding its therapeutic effects against acrylamide toxicity in rats