159 research outputs found
Retour sur la tradition politique canadienne. DĂ©bats sur la fondation du Canada, sous la direction de Janet Ajzenstat, Paul Romney, Ian Gentles et William D. Gairdner, Ă©dition française prĂ©parĂ©e par StĂ©phane Kelly et Guy Laforest, QuĂ©bec, Les Presses de lâUniversitĂ© Laval, 2004, 554 p. The Once and Future Canadian Democracy, de Janet Ajzenstat, MontrĂ©al et Kingston, McGill-Queenâs University Press, 2003, 192 p.
Anne TrĂ©panier (dir.), La rĂ©novation de lâhĂ©ritage dĂ©mocratique. Entre fondation et refondation, Ottawa, Les Presses de lâUniversitĂ© dâOttawa, 2008
Guy Laforest, Pour la libertĂ© dâune sociĂ©tĂ© distincte. Parcours dâun intellectuel engagĂ©, Sainte-Foy, Les Presses de lâUniversitĂ© Laval, 2004, 352 p.
James P. Bickerton, Stephen Brooks et Alain-G. Gagnon, Six penseurs en quĂȘte de libertĂ©, dâĂ©galitĂ© et de communautĂ©. Grant, Innis, Laurendeau, Rioux, Taylor et Trudeau, QuĂ©bec, Les Presses de lâUniversitĂ© Laval, 2003, 188 p.
Les juristes et la gouverne politique au Québec et au Canada Essai d'interprétation d'une surreprésentation structurelle et persistante
"Il est une question centrale que la science politique au Canada a quelque peu dĂ©laissĂ©e : qui gouverne? Ainsi, les nombreux analystes du pouvoir judiciaire, dont plusieurs nâont pas manquĂ© depuis 1982 de critiquer lâaccroissement de son influence dans la gouverne dĂ©mocratique du pays, nâont pas vraiment cherchĂ© Ă enquĂȘter sur lâemprise des juristes sur la politique au-delĂ des juges. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude tente de combler cette lacune en livrant, dâune part, les rĂ©sultats dâune enquĂȘte empirique sur la prĂ©sence des juristes au sein des assemblĂ©es Ă©lues fĂ©dĂ©rale et quĂ©bĂ©coise, ainsi que dans leurs exĂ©cutifs respectifs, de 1984 Ă 2006 ; et dâautre part, en fournissant un jeu dâhypothĂšses et dâinterprĂ©tations en vue de comprendre les facteurs Ă lâorigine de la surreprĂ©sentation structurelle et persistante des juristes dans la classe politique canadienne et quĂ©bĂ©coise. Plusieurs auteurs, dont John Porter, Guy Bouthillier, Jean-Charles Falardeau et Yoland SĂ©nĂ©cal, avaient dĂ©jĂ Ă©tudiĂ© le phĂ©nomĂšne et avancĂ© des Ă©lĂ©ments dâexplication de cette surreprĂ©sentation, historiquement plus marquĂ©e parmi les parlementaires et les ministres quĂ©bĂ©cois des deux capitales. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude montre que la baisse tendancielle de la surreprĂ©sentation des juristes dans les assemblĂ©es Ă©lues, observĂ©e Ă partir des annĂ©es 1960, sâest poursuivie au-delĂ de 1984  dans le cas de la Chambre des communes Â, alors quâelle sâest arrĂȘtĂ©e Ă lâAssemblĂ©e nationale et que les juristes ont continuĂ© Ă ĂȘtre surreprĂ©sentĂ©s au sein de lâexĂ©cutif, dans une proportion plus forte encore que dans la chambre Ă©lue. La surreprĂ©sentation des juristes est plus prononcĂ©e chez certains partis (les partis libĂ©raux fĂ©dĂ©ral et quĂ©bĂ©cois) et tout indique que les candidats juristes aux Ă©lections fĂ©dĂ©rales connaissent un taux dâĂ©lection Ă©levĂ©, en particulier chez les deux grands partis gouvernementaux. En comparaison avec les Ătats-Unis, le cas canadien prĂ©sente des particularismes dont on ne peut rendre compte en se rĂ©fĂ©rant aux seules thĂ©ories gĂ©nĂ©rales de Tocqueville et de Weber sur la « prĂ©disposition » Ă gouverner des juristes en dĂ©mocratie. Certains facteurs plus spĂ©cifiques semblent aussi jouer, tels que le rĂ©gime fĂ©dĂ©ral et le systĂšme de partis canadien, les avantages « concurrentiels » dont jouissent les avocats par rapport Ă dâautres professions, la culture politique au QuĂ©bec et le rĂŽle anthropologique des juristes, dont la parole au QuĂ©bec vaudrait celle dâun clerc laĂŻque."An important question has been left out of political science in Canada: who governs? Many of the judicial power analysts, while criticizing the growth of its influence in the democratic governance of the country since 1982, have failed to focus on the influence of jurists in politics beyond the one of judges. The following study will try to do so by presenting, on one hand, the results of an empirical inquiry on the presence of jurists in the federal parliament and in Quebecâs national Assembly as well as in the cabinets of both levels of government from 1984 to 2006 and on the other hand, by providing a number of hypotheses and interpretations of factors explaining the structural and persistent overrepresentation of jurists in Canadian and Quebecer politics. Numerous authors, such as John Porter, Guy Bouthillier, Jean-Charles Falardeau et Yoland SĂ©nĂ©cal have already studied the phenomenon and suggested a number of elements explaining this overrepresentation, historically more striking amongst the Quebecer parliamentarians and ministers of both capitals. The following study demonstrates that decrease in the overrepresentation of jurists in the elected assemblies which had started in the 1960âs continued after 1984 - in the case of the House of Commons - but stopped at the national Assembly. Jurists continued to be overrepresented among the executive, in proportions even more significant than the ones in elected chambers. The overrepresentation of jurists is more striking among certain parties (the Quebec and Canadian liberal parties). It is indicated that jurist candidates for federal elections have a high election rating, particularly among the two major governmental parties. In comparison to the United States, the Canadian case is particular and cannot be explained by simply referring to the general theories of Tocqueville and Weber on the âpredispositionâ of jurists to govern in a democracy. A number of more specific factors must be taken into account, such as the federal regime and the Canadian system of parties, the âcompetitiveâ advantages which benefit jurists in comparison to other professions, the political culture in Quebec and the anthropological role of jurists whose word in Quebec amounts to the one of a non-religious cleric
Retour Ă lâĂąge des tĂ©nĂšbres, de Jane Jacobs, MontrĂ©al, Ăditions du BorĂ©al, 2005, 236 p.
Le juge et la conservation du régime politique au Canada
Bien que la rĂ©forme constitutionnelle de 1982 ait apportĂ© de nombreux changements au systĂšme politique canadien, elle a, Ă©conome de moyens, prĂ©servĂ© dans son ensemble le rĂ©gime politique, dont notamment ce dualisme organique du droit Ă©crit et non Ă©crit qui nâa cessĂ© de dĂ©finir le constitutionnalisme canadien. Cet article essaie de mettre en lumiĂšre la fonction de conservation et dâadaptation du « rĂ©gime constitutionnel » que la Cour suprĂȘme du Canada a continuĂ© dâexercer aprĂšs 1982, fonction fondamentale dans une dĂ©mocratie moniste qui recourt peu souvent Ă la procĂ©dure dâamendement pour faire Ă©voluer le rĂ©gime. Lâauteur montre comment la Cour a tentĂ© dâenregistrer les mutations dĂ©mocratiques du rĂ©gime et de les accorder avec ses principes invariants, au risque toutefois de dĂ©valoriser le droit constitutionnel Ă©crit et de succomber Ă une conception essentialiste du pouvoir juridictionnel.Although many elements of the Canadian political system were changed by the 1982 constitutional reform, it has, in its limited capacity, managed on the whole to maintain the political regime. For instance, the organic duality of the written and unwritten law, which has always defined Canadian constitutionalism, was kept unaltered. This article attempts to shed some light on how the Supreme Court of Canada has continued to lean towards the preservation of the "constitutional regime", exercising a fundamental function in a democracy of a monist type where formal resort to constitutional amendment is seldom used. The author demonstrates how the Court attempted to register the democratic changes of the regime and to harmonize them with its immutable principles. In doing so, the Court nevertheless diminished the value of constitutional written law and advanced an essentialist conception of judicial power
Injectable Lyophilized Chitosan-Thrombin-Platelet-Rich Plasma (CS-FIIa-PRP) Implant to Promote Tissue Regeneration: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Solidification Properties
RĂSUMĂ: Freeze-dried chitosan formulations solubilized in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are currently evaluated as injectable implants with the potential for augmenting the standard of care for tissue repair in different orthopedic conditions. The present study aimed to shorten the solidification time of such implants, leading to an easier application and a facilitated solidification in a wet environment, which were direct demands from orthopedic surgeons. The addition of thrombin to the formulation before lyophilization was explored. The challenge was to find a formulation that coagulated fast enough to be applied in a wet environment but not too fast, which would make handling/injection difficult. Four thrombin concentrations were analyzed (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 NIH/mL) in vitro (using thromboelastography, rheology, indentation, syringe injectability, and thrombin activity tests) as well as ex vivo (by assessing the implantâs adherence to tendon tissue in a wet environment). The biomaterial containing 0.5 NIH/mL of thrombin significantly increased the coagulation speed while being easy to handle up to 6 min after solubilization. Furthermore, the adherence of the biomaterial to tendon tissues was impacted by the biomaterial-tendon contact duration and increased faster when thrombin was present. These results suggest that our biomaterial has great potential for use in regenerative medicine applications
Irreversible Structural Transformation of five fold i-AlPdMn Quasicrystals after Ion Bombardment and Annealing
Five fold i-AlPdMn surface prepared under UHV by ion bombardment and annealing was so far considered to be bulk terminated. This result was substantially based on a quantitative LEED analyses [1]. Analysis of the specular rod in a X ray diffraction experiment at grazing incidence supported this result [2]. We present a new study of this surface by high resolution X ray diffraction at normal incidence. In this Bragg configuration the diffraction peak 18 â 29 for instance is at a photon energy of 2.873keV, the 72 â 116 reflection at 5.725keV. This results in an analyzed thickness of the sample surface of a few micrometers.
The surface was cleaned by ion bombardment. During annealing (Tâ
880K), we clearly observed the progressive disappearance of the initial Bragg peak characteristic of the as cast bulk sample. Conversely a new Bragg peak grows at an energy position shifted by 1eV compared to the position of the original Bragg peak. This is a clear signature for an irreversible structural transformation which takes place on at least the micron thickness. On the transformed surface, both, a LEED pattern and a RHEED pattern, characteristic for a five fold surface were easily obtained.
This high resolution experiment (the relative Bragg peak shift is 3Ś10â4) was reproduced on samples from different initial compositions. This shows that five fold i-AlPdMn surface changes after preparation by ion bombardment and annealing at 900K on a micrometer thickness. This is not consistent with the conclusion that the surface is simply terminated by a cut of the original bulk. We conclude that a reorganization process of the quasicrystalline structure during annealing proceeds in the surface vicinity (probed depth is close to a few microns)
Morphological evolution of the fivefold surface of i-AlPdMn quasicrystals
Morphology of the fivefold symmetric quasicrystal surface of AlPdMn was investigated by x-ray reflectivity and by x-ray diffraction. X-ray experiments revealed two different morphologies depending on the surface preparation. Sputtering and annealing up to 900 K, under UHV conditions, produced a rough and facetted quasicrystal surface. These features were confirmed by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnel microscopy measurements. We also observed that an annealing above 900 K induces a rapid and irreversible transition toward a flat surface
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