Decentralized Sewer Unit Packages as an Alternative for Bulloch County to Manage Fast Growth

Throughout the state of Georgia, rural areas rely on septic tanks to dispose of bodily waste for small commercial, industrial, and residential construction. Septic tanks act as the most conventional system when properties fall outside the service areas of municipal and private wastewater treatment facilities. Bulloch County has a vast number of rural dwellings within its boundaries. Moreover, the County experienced a steady 3 to 5% annual growth over the last several years. Therefore, an examination of alternatives to the traditional septic systems is warranted if the County wishes to maintain continued sustainable growth. This study focuses on the factors driving growth in Bulloch county including: population, housing, commercial and industrial development, subdivision development, assessed property values, and future development projections. Next, we compare two waste disposal systems that could substitute for traditional septic systems: a Small Diameter Gravity System (SDGS) and the Bioclere Onsite Wastewater Treatment System. Working Paper Number 2005-001

Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase: Potential Therapeutic Target and Putative Metabolic Oncogene

Exemplified by cancer cells' preference for glycolysis, for example, the Warburg effect, altered metabolism in tumorigenesis has emerged as an important aspect of cancer in the past 10–20 years. Whether due to changes in regulatory tumor suppressors/oncogenes or by acting as metabolic oncogenes themselves, enzymes involved in the complex network of metabolic pathways are being studied to understand their role and assess their utility as therapeutic targets. Conversion of glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate into phosphohydroxypyruvate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH)—a rate-limiting step in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to serine—represents one such mechanism. Forgotten since classic animal studies in the 1980s, the role of PHGDH as a potential therapeutic target and putative metabolic oncogene has recently reemerged following publication of two prominent papers near-simultaneously in 2011. Since that time, numerous studies and a host of metabolic explanations have been put forward in an attempt to understand the results observed. In this paper, I review the historic progression of our understanding of the role of PHGDH in cancer from the early work by Snell through its reemergence and rise to prominence, culminating in an assessment of subsequent work and what it means for the future of PHGDH

Effects of Training on Early Childhood Special Education Paraeducators' Use of Early Literacy Strategies During Book Reading

Research has consistently shown a need for paraeducator training in tasks they are expected to perform under a licensed teacher's supervision. This study employed a single-subject design to examine the effects of teaching paraeducators shared book reading strategies. Participants included early childhood special education paraeducators and preschoolers. The intervention consisted of computer-based instruction on shared book reading and performance feedback by e-mail. Videotaped book reading sessions were coded to yield measures of (a) the paraeducators' strategy use, (b) the affective quality of the paraeducator-child book reading interactions, and (c) the children's engagement. Significant increases were shown in book reading knowledge on post-quiz scores. The paraeducators' strategy use also increased after they completed the HTML lesson. Moreover, the results revealed overall gains in the children's engaged responses. Paraeducators indicated a favorable attitude toward both components of the intervention procedure. Implications include ways to strengthen and support early literacy professional development

Carbon dioxide levels in the plant microenvironment as influenced by a poly-coated paper mulch

1983 Spring.Covers not scanned.Includes bibliographical references.Effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment using a polyethylene coated black paper mulch, incorporated nitrogen and wheat straw particles, and field CO2 release was investigated. A mulch covering or mulch over incorporated plant residue, such as straw, has been suggested as a possible means of CO2 enrichment which results from trapping the CO2 evolved from the soil. This idea was tested using Great Lakes Mesa 659 lettuce seedlings in growth chambers and in an outdoor setting. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the base of the plants and at a 5 cm depth in the root zone were greater in mulched and mulched straw treatments. Non-mulched straw did not increase surface CO2 concentrations. Growth of mulched plants in the chambers was approximately 80% greater than that of non-mulched plants. Mulched plants in the outdoor study had a growth increase of about 13% when compared to non-mulched plants. Increases in growth of mulched plants were attributed to greater CO2 levels, since soil moisture levels and temperatures were similar in all treatments. Straw suppressed growth and would not be recommended as a CO2 source. Mulch applied over CO2 release lines in the field was found to be an effective means of CO2 enrichment of a lettuce canopy by creating a physical barrier to rapid air exchange, thereby concentrating released CO2 under the mulch. Mulch over a release line more than tripled CO2 concentrations near the soil surface when compared to CO2 release with no mulch covering or CO2 supplement. Significant enrichment levels were maintained to 25 cm above the soil surface on still days by means of a mulched CO2 release line. Subsurface CO2 concentrations were increased by the application of mulch and averaged 857 ppm which was considered non-phytotoxic. The effect on soil CO2 levels from the release line was negligible. Inconclusive results in plant response suggest further study is warranted

Transformative Learning and Identity: A review and synthesis of Dirkx and Illeris

This review explores transformative learning and identity focusing on the works of John Dirkx and Knud Illeris. The synthesis creates a theoretical framework for research and continuing professional education practice

The Effects of College Student Use of Graphics Calculators of the Learning of Algabraic Concepts

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of student use of graphics calculators in college algebra classes on the learning of algebraic concepts and especially on those involving graphing skills. The study was conducted during the spring semester 1993 in four college algebra sections, each originally consisting of 35 students and taught from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. or from 11:00 a.m. to noon. The students involved in the study were randomly assigned to either a control or treatment section. Two sections of students made up the treatment group, and these students received instruction with and used graphics calculators in their coursework and testing. Forty students remained in the treatment group at the end of the study. The other two sections made up the control group, and these students used calculators of their choice, excluding any type of graphics calculator. Thirty-two control group students completed the study. The two instructors for the groups, the researcher for the treatment sections and another graduate teaching assistant for the control sections, conferred regularly to insure that ail students were taught the same concepts at a similar pace. All of the students involved in the study used the same textbook and completed the same textbook assignments and researcher-constructed unit tests and posttest. To determine if significant differences existed between the mean scores of the two groups on the researcher-constructed posttest, an analysis of covariance was done, using a basic algebra placement exam written by the Mathematics Association of America, as the pretreatment measure and covariatc. No significant differences were found. Using t tests, a significant difference was found to exist between the mean scores of the treatment and control groups on the first and second unit tests, with the treatment group scores higher in both cases (p \u3c .05). No significant differences were found for the remaining unit tests. The results of repeated measures with trend analysis showed no significant methods effect, but significant total trend effect. Of nineteen specific concepts investigated, the control group mean scores were found to be significantly higher in two differed concept areas; the treatment group mean scores were significantly higher in four different concept areas (p \u3c. 10). The survey given to ail students who completed the study revealed that 82% of those responding from the treatment group felt that the graphics calculator had a favorable effect on their learning of algebraic concepts, and 86% recommended that it be used in the teaching of all college mathematics courses. Twenty percent of the respondents from the control group believed that the calculator they had used had a favorable effect ou their teaming

Human Factors Contributing to Nursing Errors

There has been considerable focus on reducing errors in the hospital setting over the last two centuries, but errors continue to occur at an alarming rate. Two articles are discussed that explore nursing errors. The purpose of these studies was to identify human factors that cause nursing errors and to identify the constructs of likelihood to cause error, ability to intervene, importance, and commonness relating to human factors causing errors. The first paper describes a Delphi Study which examined the likely causes of nursing error using an expert group (n=25) of Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Patient Safety, and staff nurses. The second paper describes a study in which a broader panel of hospital-based nurses (n=393) took an online survey evaluating likelihood to cause errors, intervenability, importance, and commonness. Factor analysis was done to determine general themes related to human factors likely to cause errors and how they related to the specific demographic findings of shift worked, education level, and having previously made a nursing error. The Delphi survey, through two iterations, identified 24 causes of nursing errors. The need for further study in the area of human factors contributing to nursing errors was recognized. The survey of hospital-based registered nurses was used to evaluate these factors in view of likelihood to cause error, intervenability, importance, and commonness. The top ten factors were identified for each. Factor analysis of data resulting from the Likelihood to Cause Errors Scale identified four themes: loss of focus, unhealthy environment, interpersonal deficits, and being overwhelmed

Work-Related Values, Preferences, and Expectations of Millennials: Implications for Long-Term Care Administrators

The purpose of this research is to examine millennials’ work-related values, preferences, and expectations and to understand the impact for administrators in long-term care (LTC) facilities. Supervisors at LTC facilities must understand millennials’ work behavior, and strive to meet their needs, so as to effectively recruit, train, and retain these millennial employees. Allowing for management understanding of millennials work-related values, preferences, and expectations and how these support or detract from employment within LTC settings may pinpoint how facilities may retain these workers. This study will also provide information about work satisfaction of millennial employees and how employers can improve to enhance the working environment. The structured analysis of the literature may help with providing understanding and direction to effectively recruit, train, manage, and retain millennials

The relationship between instrumental and transformative learning in structured workplace learning programs: Insights from embedded formative assessment

A grounded theory study of tacit knowledge elicited in workplace learning programs examined instrumental and transformative elements. Observational, reflective and interview data indicated that learner beliefs about work challenged content legitimacy. Low levels of reflective dialogue were associated with immediate application or quieting reactions. Instrumental content helped prompt perspective shifts