Surface salinity fields in the Arctic Ocean and statistical approaches to predicting anomalies and patterns

Significant salinity anomalies have been observed in the Arctic Ocean surface layer during the last decade. Using gridded data of winter salinity in the upper 50 m layer of the Arctic Ocean for the period 1950-1993 and 2007-2012, we investigated the inter-annual variability of the salinity fields, attempted to identify patterns and anomalies, and developed a statistical model for the prediction of surface layer salinity. The statistical model is based on linear regression equations linking the principal components with environmental factors, such as atmospheric circulation, river runoff, ice processes, and water exchange with neighboring oceans. Using this model, we obtained prognostic fields of the surface layer salinity for the winter period 2013-2014. The prognostic fields demonstrated the same tendencies of surface layer freshening that were observed previously. A phase portrait analysis involving the first two principal components exhibits a dramatic shift in behavior of the 2007-2012 data in comparison to earlier observations

Reduction of naughty behavior of preschool children by means of play

Upbringing of a naughty child is one of the most important topics in early childhood education. Lots of parents and almost all the kindergartenТs teachers often deal with misbehavior of youngsters. One of the effective means of reducing the symptoms of preschool childrenТs misbehavior is play

Reduction of naughty behavior of preschool children by means of play

Upbringing of a naughty child is one of the most important topics in early childhood education. Lots of parents and almost all the kindergartenТs teachers often deal with misbehavior of youngsters. One of the effective means of reducing the symptoms of preschool childrenТs misbehavior is play

Оценка уровня информированности фармацевтических специалистов о фармакотерапии климактерического синдрома по результатам анкетирования

Objective: to evaluate the awareness of pharmaceutical specialists on the pharmacotherapy of climacteric syndrome based on survey results.Material and methods. The authors analyzed 394 surveys of pharmaceutical specialists in Saint-Petersburg. The survey consisted of 13 questions, covered the personal characteristics of the participants (age, education, professional experience) and their knowledge about special medicines and food supplements to control climacteric symptoms, indications, and contraindications.Results. The results showed that pharmaceutical specialists saw the difference between combined oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy, but they do not know about the protective cardiovascular effects of menopausal hormone therapy. Most specialists consider menopausal hormone therapy more effective than phytoestrogens, but they have no idea how it works. For most of them, there is hardly any difference between various classes of phytoestrogens. In their opinion, medical representatives and scientific conferences are the main providers of medical information.Conclusion. The analysis of the level of awareness of pharmaceutical specialists about the pharmacotherapy of menopausal syndrome based on the results of the survey revealed insufficient knowledge among pharmacy workers on a number of fundamental issues. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodological recommendations on menopausal hormone therapy preparations and phytoestrogens-based drugs for pharmaceutical specialists who act as an important intermediate between a doctor and a patient.Цель: оценка уровня информированности фармацевтических специалистов о фармакотерапии климактерического синдрома.Материал и методы. Для анализа использовали данные 394 анкет фармацевтических специалистов аптечных организаций г. СанктПетербурга. В рамках анкетирования респондентам было предложено ответить на 13 вопросов, касающихся их личных характеристик (возраст, стаж работы, образование), а также степени осведомленности о препаратах и биологически активных добавках, показаниях и противопоказаниях, источниках профессиональной информации. Проведена статистическая обработка данных по результатам анкетирования.Результаты. Фармацевтические специалисты четко дифференцируют препараты менопаузальной гормональной терапии (МГТ) и комбинированные оральные контрацептивы, при этом не осведомлены о положительном влиянии МГТ на сердечно-сосудистую систему. Респонденты в недостаточной степени ориентируются в ассортименте средств для альтернативной коррекции симптомов климактерического синдрома, не всегда дифференцируют различные виды фитоэстрогенов. Большинство признают, что недостаточно владеют информацией о механизме действия препаратов МГТ, при этом считают их эффективными, в отличие от средств с фитоэстрогенами. Медицинские представители и научно-практические конференции служат для работников аптек основным источником информации по фармакотерапии климактерического синдрома.Заключение. Анализ уровня информированности фармацевтических специалистов о фармакотерапии климактерического синдрома по результатам анкетирования выявил недостаточные знания у работников аптек по ряду принципиальных вопросов. Поэтому необходимо разработать методические рекомендации по препаратам МГТ и средствам на основе фитоэстрогенов для фармацевтических специалистов как важного промежуточного звена между врачом и пациентом

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PARRALLELS IN THE COURSE OF RESPIRATORY SARCOIDOSIS

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the development of chronic immune inflammation and formation of granulomas. It is important to know clinical, morphological and immunologic variants of the course of this disease in order to investigate the pathomorphologic parameters of the granuloma.Of late negative trends have been observed in the changes of sarcoidosis pathomorphology. Due to the above it is important to investigate predictors for the course of this disease, including specific parameters of granulematous inflammatory process in various clinical variants not only from the point of view of diagnostics but further management tactics for those suffering from this disease

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum