44 research outputs found
A new concept for safeguarding and labeling of long-term stored waste and its place in the scope of existing tagging techniques
The idea of a novel labeling method is suggested for a new way of long-term
security identification, inventory tracking, prevention of falsification and
theft of waste casks, copper canisters, spent fuel containers, mercury
containers, waste packages and other items. The suggested concept is based on
the use of a unique combination of radioisotopes with different predictable
half life. As an option for applying the radioisotope tag to spent fuel
safeguarding it is suggested to use a mixture of {\alpha}-emitting isotopes,
such as 241Am etc., with materials that easily undergo {\alpha}-induced
reactions with emission of specific {\gamma}-lines. Thus, the existing problem
of the disposing of smoke detectors or other devices [1] which contain
radioisotopes can be addressed, indirectly solving an existing waste problem.
The results of the first pilot experiments with two general designs of storage
canisters, namely a steel container which corresponds to the one which is
commonly used for long-term storing of mercury in Europe and USA and a copper
canister, the one which is in applications for nuclear repositories, are
presented. As one of the options for a new labeling method it is proposed to
use a multidimensional bar code symbology and tungsten plate with ultrasound
techniques. It is shown that the new radioisotope label offers several
advantages in the scope of existing tagging techniques (overview is given) and
can be implemented even with low activity sources.Comment: Workshop - Scanning the Horizon: Novel Techniques and Methods for
Safeguards, International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Headquarters in Vienna,
Austria, 201
Derivation and quantitative analysis of the differential self-interrogation Feynman-alpha method
A stochastic theory for a branching process in a neutron population with two
energy levels is used to assess the applicability of the differential
self-interrogation Feynman-alpha method by numerically estimated reaction
intensities from Monte Carlo simulations. More specifically, the variance to
mean or Feynman-alpha formula is applied to investigate the appearing
exponentials using the numerically obtained reaction intensities.Comment: Proceedings 52nd INMM conference, Palm Desert, 17-21 July 201
The neutron-gamma Feynman variance to mean approach: gamma detection and total neutron-gamma detection (theory and practice)
Two versions of the neutron-gamma variance to mean (Feynman-alpha method or
Feynman-Y function) formula for either gamma detection only or total
neutron-gamma detection, respectively, are derived and compared in this paper.
The new formulas have a particular importance for detectors of either gamma
photons or detectors sensitive to both neutron and gamma radiation. If applied
to a plastic or liquid scintillation detector, the total neutron-gamma
detection Feynman-Y expression corresponds to a situation where no
discrimination is made between neutrons and gamma particles. The gamma variance
to mean formulas are useful when a detector of only gamma radiation is used or
when working with a combined neutron-gamma detector at high count rates. The
theoretical derivation is based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation with
inclusion of general reactions and passage intensities for neutrons and gammas,
but with the inclusion of prompt reactions only. A one energy group
approximation is considered. The comparison of the two different theories is
made by using reaction intensities obtained in MCNPX simulations with a
simplified geometry for two scintillation detectors and a 252Cf-source enclosed
in a steel container. In addition, the variance to mean ratios, neutron, gamma
and total neutron-gamma, are evaluated experimentally for a weak 252Cf
neutron-gamma source in a steel container, a 137Cs random gamma source and a
22Na correlated gamma source. Due to the focus being on the possibility of
using neutron-gamma variance to mean theories for both reactor and safeguards
applications, we limited the present study to the general analytical
expressions for Feynman-Y formulas
The Influence of Zn and Cd Accumulation on the Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants in the Impact Zone of the Novocherkassk Power Station
Over the pastdecade, particular attention has been paid to studies of the chemical composition of medical plants to identify the possible negative consequences of using raw plant material polluted with heavy metals for the production of medical drugs. In our study, we analyzed the chemical composition of the medical plants growing in the impact area of the Novocherkassk power station. Specifically, the plants Artemisia austriaca, Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repenswere examined for the analysis.The content and distribution of Zn and Cd, which are most distributed in industrial emissions and belong to the first class of hazardous elements, were measured. The maximum permissible content (MPC) of Zn in the raw material of Artemisia austriaca and Elytrigia repens was found, as was the maximum content of Cd in all analyzed plants growing in the 5km area around thepower station. The plant Artemisia austriacawasfound to have Zn and Cd accumulation in itsabovegroundcomponents, while in Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repens, accumulation was in the roots. The morphobiometric parameters of the plants were mostly dependent on the soil properties, followed by the degree of technogenic load. The content of Zn and Cd in the medical drugs was higher than the MPC without visible features of heavy metal pollution and so these plants weredangerous for human health.
Keywords: heavy metals, technogenic load, phytoreagents, morphometric parameter
Passive and Active Ways of Unique Tagging/Labeling of Long-term Stored Nuclear Waste Copper Canisters
Application of the two-group - one-region and two-region - one-group Feynman-alpha formulas in safeguards and accelerator-driven system (ADS)
The applicability of the two-group (one-region) and two-region (one-group) Feynman-alpha (variance to mean) formulas was assessed with regards to applications in safeguards and accelerator-driven system (ADS) considered as an option for transmutation of nuclear wastes. Since two-group calculations with the master equation technique when both thermal and fast fissions are included, have not been performed earlier, investigation of this problem has a methodological value of its own. The potential applications of the two-group - one-region and two-region - one-group Feynman-alpha approaches in nuclear safeguards were evaluated and compared to the results of Monte-Carlo simulations
Time intervals matrix analysis of 235U and 239Pu content in a spent fuel assembly using Lead Slowing down Spectrometer
A key motivation for developing the technology capable of quantifying plutonium (Pu) in spent fuel assemblies with nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques is knowledge of the physical parameters of irradiated nuclear fuel which is important both for nuclear safeguards and nuclear fuel management. One of the most attractive NDA approaches applied for the determination of the total amount of plutonium using a pulsed neutron source is the method of slowing-down time spectrometry in lead where the energy spectrum of neutrons can be represented as being monoenergetic with minor deviation from the peak value in each time moment after a fast neutron pulse. This fact was successfully used in developing several methods of Pu mass determination and confirmed the potential of the Lead Slowing Down Spectrometer (LSDS) to get detailed information about spent fuel [1-2].A method which we presented earlier is based on a matrix of time intervals where large differences in the number of fissions of 235U and 239Pu are observed [3]. This technique allows increasing precision in the Pu evaluation by decreasing the self-shielding effect significantly. As opposed to homogeneous-volume approximations used in our previous research in this work we describe the detailed Monte Carlo models of real fuel assemblies, as well as the effects of the influence of the scintillation detector to the system in question. Although the proposed method for spent fuel assemblies characterization has only been studied using Monte Carlo simulations, it was possible to demonstrate the 239Pu determination using a DT pulsed neutron source, Lead Slowing Down Spectrometer and fast timing scintillatior which is sensitive to both photons and neutrons, and n-γ pulse shape discrimination allows to get additional information about the system