Education-for-Myself and Education-for-the Other: The Right to Freedom of Education and Mikhail Bakhtin’s Experience

The article contains reflections on the problem which has arised in Eugene Matusov's article on freedom of education, and considers the experience of Mikhail Bakhtin as an example of the way the right to the freedom can be fulfilled. Not only Bakhtin's life and ideas play a significant role in contemporary social and educational theories and practices, but they reveal how education becomes a result of selection of particular knowledge and one's conscious choice. The core of the article is a correlation of notions “Education-for-myself” and “Education-for-the other” which are taken by the authors as derivatives of the terms of Bakhtin’s early philosophy “I-for-myself” and “I-for-the other”. Thus ideas of “Education-for-an individual” and “Education-for-the society” result from the reflections and can be evidence of the need in mutual understanding and dialogue in order to achieve freedom of education

ОБОБЩЕННЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ ВЫБОРА УСЛОВИЙ АНАЛИЗА В МАСС-СПЕКТРОМЕТРИИ DART

The results of studies of DART mass spectra for different organic compounds using different mass analyzers and configurations of the vacuum interface, located between the DART source and the entrance to the mass analyzer, are summarized. The dependence of the DART mass spectra on various experimental factors was studied using different mass analyzers and experimental conditions for organic compounds, belonging to different classes. The influence of composition and flow rate of the carrier gas, including the presence or absence of neon in helium, pressure in vacuum interface, temperature and composition of the atmosphere in the ionization region and in the surrounding area, parameters of the ceramic tube of the vacuum interface, and input voltage on the mass analyzer entrance is studied. For the first time, the general recommendations and criteria are outlined for selecting the conditions of registration of DART mass spectra depending on analytes, experimental parameters, and instrumental environment.Keywords: mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time, DART, optimization, criteria, experimental conditions(Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.3.002 G.A. Kalabin, E.S. ChernetsovaPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Research and innovation department; Moscow, Russian FederationПроведено сопоставление результатов исследования состава и интенсивностей сигналов в масс-спектрах DART органических соединений при использовании нескольких типов масс-анализаторов и конфигураций вакуумного интерфейса между источником ионов и входом в масс-анализатор. На примере различных соединений установлена зависимость состава масс-спектров DART, полученных с использованием разных масс-анализаторов и условий эксперимента. Обсуждается роль состава и скорости потока газа-носителя, давления в вакуумном интерфейсе, температуры и состава атмосферы в области ионизации, присутствия добавки неона в гелии, параметров керамической трубки вакуумного интерфейса, напряжения на входе в масс-анализатор. Впервые сформулированы обобщенные рекомендации и критерии выбора условий регистрации масс-спектров DART в зависимости от аналитов, условий эксперимента, используемой технической базы.Ключевые слова: масс-спектрометрия, прямой анализ в режиме реального времени, DART, оптимизация, критерии, условия экспериментаDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.3.002

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and -2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ≈40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (-2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ -0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy's chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component. © 2007 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Method for calculating loads combination on a building using information measures

A method for calculating loads combination on a building is considered using information measures of the connectivity of signals received from sensors of various physical nature, united in a wireless monitoring network. The method includes the definition of the most powerful information measure on the ensemble of process realizations with known a priori load data by the criterion of connectedness of time series. Then, based on the selected information measure, the connectivity of the signals for the ensemble of realizations of the random process of loads to the building from the network formed by the wireless monitoring data bank of time series is calculated. The volume of the data bank sufficient to make the correct decision about the combination of loads on the building with a predetermined error probability is calculated on the basis of a consistent criterion for the ratio of Wald probabilities. This method is easily algorithmized and can be used to develop an automated decision support system

Assessing the capabilities of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural quantitation in honey

The limitations of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) were shown with the example of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) quantitation in honey. An accurate analyte quantitation was impossible because the carbohydrate matrix partially degraded to the analyte in the ionization region. However, at a decreased DART temperature of 150 °C, the DART-MS screening was possible using two spiked reference samples. The influence of instrumental parameters on the composition of the DART mass spectra for HMF and carbohydrates was investigated. Also, first data on scanning surface analysis with DART-MS were obtained giving rise for further studies in this direction. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Coupling of planar chromatography with Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry

Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is an emerging and rapidly developing area of ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometric techniques. Its coupling with planar chromatography is especially promising, as compared to other ambient desorption ionization techniques, because it does not require the use of liquids that may distort the shape of a spot by diffusion effects. In the first publications on TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS, due to the fixed, horizontally aligned supply of the gas flow from the DART ionization source to the MS inlet, the introduction of HPTLC/TLC plates as cut strips was inconvenient for quantitation, and the repeatability was very low due to the manual positioning. Recently a new version of the DART ion source was suggested, which allows adjusting the angle of the DART gas stream and the use of a motorized rail, thereby, improving highly the capabilities of TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS. This comprehensive review describes the development and analytical capabilities of TLC/HPTLC-DART-MS, and the general DART-MS perspectives for surface analysis or imaging MS. © Versita Sp. z o.o