Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies

Participatory Evaluation and Demonstration of Sweet Lupin Technologies at Wolmera District, West Shewa Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Wolmera district, western Oromia region, Ethiopia. A total of 12 women farmers were selected purposively to implement the activity. Sweet lupin demonstration was conducted to evaluate and crate awareness on sweet lupun technologies, food recipes and to analyze the macro and micronutrient composition of the varieties. The mean grain yield result of this variety was 2300 kg ha-1 with a minimum of 1900 and a maximum of 2800 kg ha-1, respectively. Sensory evaluation test was made on sweet lupin recipes made in combination with wheat flour, field pea flour and alone using hedonic scaling method. A total of 112 participants out of which 62 were male and 50 were female were involved to taste the food recipe made from sweet lupin. The result of sensory evaluation indicated that the incorporation of 25% of sweet lupin flour (SLF) to the biscuit is more accepted by the panelists than 50% SLF substitution to the biscuit. The acceptability of bread containing 25% SLF was excellent. For Pulse stew 50% SL substitution level for 50% FP flour and 100% SLF alone has no any difference in acceptance among the panelists. The result also revealed that a very good acceptability of 100% SL Roasted and Boiled can also be prepared from sweet lupin. The lab analysis result of macro- and micronutrient composition content of sweet lupin grain as compared to field pea grain showed that mean protein and fat contents of sweet lupin were 31.6% and 8.3%, respectively,  while  the grain protein and fat contents field pea were 22.32% and 3.6% respectively. Sweet lupin grain has also the highest mineral contents of zinc, iron and calcium whereas, but field pea has higher contents of potassium and sodium. The demonstration of new varieties of sweet lupin with low alkaloid and high protein content has resulted in a renewed interest in utilization of lupin as source of protein for human and livestock nutrition. Keywords: sweet lupin, protein content, Field pea flour, Wheat flour DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-5-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

Infectious and non-communicable health conditions among newly arrived Eritrean migrants and refugees at arrival and post integration in Switzerland

Summary In the recent past years, due to the unprecedented refugee influx worldwide, the awareness of migration has started to get momentum globally. Several key discussion themes had been raised so far by politicians, economists, international organizations, humanitarian activists, public health expertise, as well as researchers. Particularly in the European context, the continuous upsurge of migrants is of great concern. Majority of immigrants from the south heading towards north are from the sub-Saharan African countries (SSA), where largest portion of them are in the category of low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Hence, migrants and refugees from this region are highly anticipated to have an earlier exposure to the endemic infectious diseases (IDs) before even they kick-off their migration tour. Moreover, due to economical impoverishment, the health system of most LMIC is incapable to provide even basic health care services. Adding to this, the exhausting journey along the Sahara desert and the stressful Mediterranean Sea voyage, expose refugees and migrants to destitute health statues. Even transit countries, being in an unstable condition, are not equipped to support them. That is why several refugees and migrants arriving in Europe disembark with several infectious diseases (IDs), non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health (MH), as well maternal and child health related complications. Several international organizations, such as the WHO European region, international organization of migration (IOM), and European center for disease prevention and control (ECDC), and others non-governmental organization (NGOs) have reported many easily treatable diseases on arrival and post-arrival. In Switzerland, similar to other countries in Europe, the number of refugees and migrants is on the rise. The reports from the federal office of statistic, federal secretary of migration, and international Red Cross of the country shows majority of the recently arriving refugees from the south are from Eritrea. Currently, migrants and refugees from Eritrea account for more than 32% of the immigrants in the country, making them on top of the table for the last 10 years in a row. Despite the large number of Eritrean refugees and migrants in the country, to our knowledge, the health condition of this population is not fully documented. Like most SSA, the health condition among the Eritreans is anticipated to be poor on arrival. But, apart from few case reported studies, there is no systematic screening procedure conducted. Hence, using novel approach, we intended to systematically screen newly arrived, asymptomatic, feeling healthy, Eritrean refugees and migrants at base-line and follow them for two years cohort. In this cross-sectional base-line study, we recruited voluntary participants from both males and females. Invitation letter (written in both English and Tigrigna, local language from Eritrea) was sent by post, using addresses retrieved from the registries’ of social assistants’ bureau. The study was conducted in two cantons in the north-west Switzerland, the Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft. At the base-line, among the screened IDs, schistosomiasis was reported in more than half of the asymptomatic refugees and migrants. Malaria was screened in 6%. Other IDs such as Giardia lamblia and Hymenelopis nana were also reported. As to NCDs and their risk factors, majority of participants had vitamin D deficiency. Hence, a onetime intramuscular supplementation of vitamin D3 was important and significantly improved serum vitamin D level. Since most of our study participants were young (median age of 25 years), several of the NCDs risk factors were within the normal range of scale according to the WHO recommended measures. In regarding to the mental health situation, nearly half reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This finding is similar to several studies conducted within Europe and outside Europe. This implies how demanding and frightening journey refugees and migrants had to overcome to reach their destination target in Europe. But the one year follow-up has showed an improvement toward their PTSD score in the post-migration statues. Though it is vital to investigate the poor mental health condition of immigrants using a qualitative assessment tool, findings from our study foresees the need of proper screening and handling. Some studies argue that, it is also possible the mental health of these immigrants to get worsened during the post-arrival, due to the anticipated delay of processing and inaccessibility to health care facilities. Hence, basic screening protocols on arrival, particularly for refugees and migrants from IDs endemic countries and/or transiting through one of them, can be suggested to reduce the sequel of asymptomatic chronic infections. Similarly, since the trend of the disregard NCDs and their risk factors among young immigrants is more likely to shift, boosting the consciousness is essential. This could be through intervention such as, engaging immigrants into behavioral change practices, for example outdoor exposure, physical activities and applying healthy diet menus as well. In general, our immigrants health study Switzerland (IHSS), has depicted the need of an extensive and broader study to understand the health disparities of migrants during pre-migration, along the migration path way and in post-migration. Only cross-sectional designed studies might fail to investigate and understand the roots, causes, progresses and epidemiology of the diseases. Similarly, health care services and demands of refugees and migrants may not be in-depth represented through quantitative approach alone. Hence, an integrated, holistic approach, embarrassing IDs, NCDs, mental health as well as maternity, childcare and family planning need to be implemented. As migration health is a complex theme to address discretely, collaborative efforts from regional and international organizations, including policy makers, NGOs, researchers and social workers and medical professionals and others need to join hand for the better health care services access to immigrants. This joint effort toward establishing a sustainable, equitable and affordable (SEA) health care access would greatly minimize the unnecessary public health expenses, reduce the efficient utilization gap by immigrants, and would be a tool to establish an efficient surveillance system. Hence, a more healthier, productive and efficient immigrant community could successful be integrated into the host countries

Review Value Chain Analysis Potato in Ethiopia

More than 80% of the Ethiopian population earns their livelihood from crop cultivation and livestock rearing activities. Crop production is a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product accounting for approximately 28% from the sub sectors of agriculture. Among the crops, coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables and cereals are principal crops grown in Ethiopia. As a result, potato is the most important vegetable in terms of both production and consumption in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to review the production and productivity of potato, major potato value chain actors and their roles, determinants of quantity of potato supplied to the market and factors affecting potato value addition at different stages of the value chain in Ethiopia. Finally, from the review literature almost all results the production of potato and the demand of potato increase from year to year comparing to in the last period. The major actors of potato value chain were channeled from producer to final consumers, such as input supplier, producers (farmer), wholesalers, retailers, small scale processor, and consumers. Although trading of potato is profitable across all sample and Potato is among the major vegetable export products. It is traded in both local market and export market outlets. Among the different literatures the following variables determine the supply of potato such as, distance to the market, Access of market information, price of produce, Access to extension service, size of land, yield, Access of credit and access of non-farm income. . In addition to these the factor affecting value addition are not washing off soil from harvested potato, lack of packing material or baskets, as well as lack of transportation, storage, access of credit, access of extension services, small quantity to produce and distance to market. Keywords: Value chain, potato, Value chain actors, value addition DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-5-02 Publication date:May 31st 201

Evaluation of N and P Contribution to Improve Soil Fertility Potentials of the (Vicia faba L. and Glycine max L.) to Subsequent Cereal Crops

Decline in soil fertility has become a serious problem in the Sub Saharan Africa region. Among the countries in SSA, Ethiopia has the highest rates of nutrient (N and P) depletions mainly due to the low nutrient input. However, the net contribution of legumes to soil nutrient balance is determined by the extent to which crop residue is removed from the field. Therefore, we assessed two possible selected grain legumes (Vicia faba L. and Glycine max L.). Soil samples were collected on a transect walk from Dedo and Tiro-Afeta districts. Six composite soil samples from each transect based on elevation were collected at the depth of (0-30cm). The soil samples were collected from fields that are known to grow continuous cereal-cereal at least for the last three years. A pot experiment was therefore conducted under screen house a condition in a RCBD with three replications on soils obtained from transects. Soil physic-chemical properties were studied before and after sowing. All plants related data from crops were recorded at 75% flowering stage. The effect of different elevation levels showed that soil properties before planting were significantly (P<0.05) for all studied parameters. The effect was observed by measuring soil and plant biomass (N and P) for each Vicia faba L. and Glycine max L. The study showed a significant (P<0.05) difference and positive correlation between treatments with soil available P before planting for both crops. Vicia faba L. recorded higher value for the N and P under Dedo soils than Glycine max L. for the same parameter.  Similarly, Glycine max L. recorded higher value under Tiro-Afeta soils than Vicia faba L for the N and P. Thus, this study concludes that firstly growing Vicia faba L. crop on the Dedo soils and the Glycine max L. crop on the Tiro-Afeta soils would improve N and P quickly and inexpensively thereby crop productivity can be enhanced. Keywords: Vicia faba L., Glycine max L., N and P

Micro Watershed Development Using GIS & Remote Sensing in the Case of Chille and Ocholo Watersheds, Duguna Fango Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia

This study analyses micro watershed development using the techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing in order to delineate the areas of Chille and Ocholo micro watersheds, generate their base map and development map. Watershed development is the approach best suited to address the sustainable use and management of resources. In Ethiopia, large-scale watershed development has been limited. In the country at large and the study area, Duguna Fango Werda, in particular is currently facing numerous environmental problems resulted from inappropriate agricultural practice and exploitation of natural resource base. Scarce vegetation cover associated with erosion induced factors exposing the study area to high rates of soil erosion and loss of soil fertility that initiated the researcher to conduct this study in this area.Data were collected from sources such as, SRTM-DEM and Satellite Image with row 55 and path 169 full scene of the year 2017 downloaded from USGS; Google earth image; Shape file of the SNNP Regional State; GPS reading point data from the study area and physical observation of the area studied. Materials used to effectively execute this research include Global Mapper 11, ArcGIS10.3 and ERDAS Imagine 2014. Land use/cover classifications were generated through image classification of Landsat ETM+5 satellite imagery using ERDAS Imagine 2014softwareand mapped using ArcGIS10.3. The Zonal toposheet maps of the scale 1:50,000 and 20meter spatial resolution SRTM DEM was used to produce the location map and delineate area of the watersheds. Landsat ETM+5 satellite imagery of the study area having 30meter spatial resolution was used for base map production and development map.The area of Chille Micro Watershed is 468.8 Hectares whereas that of Ocholo is 309.3 Hectares. Chille Micro Watershed covers wider extent than that of Ocholo.Major land cover of Chille watershed, constituting 27.7percent or 129.3 hectare, is degraded land followed by 22.6percent or 105.6 hectare farmland. Its least proportion is human settlement and forest land that constitute 37.3hectare or 8percent and 32.1 hectare or 6.9percent land cover respectively. The majority, 30.5percent or 94.2 hectare, of Ocholo Micro Watershed is degraded land followed by 23.5percent or 72.5 hectare farmland. This watershed has the least proportion of 19.4hectare or 6.3percent forest cover preceded by 22.7hectare or 7.3percent of human settlement. The largest land use proportion of both Chille and Ocholo Micro Watersheds is degraded land followed by farmland while their least proportion is human settlement and forest cover. For the development of both Chille and Ocholo watersheds, the proposed conservation strategies include bench terrace, deep trench, stone bund and hill side terrace for degraded land. Faniyajuu, soil bund, trench, bench terrace, and cut off drains for the farm land areas; cut & carry system, cut off drain, deep trench area closure for the grasslands; plantations of trees, SWC methods such as trench for bush land; and area closure for the protection of the limited forest coverage found in the micro watersheds. Keywords: GIS & Remote Sensing, Micro watershed, watershed development, base map generation, development map productio

Review on Value Chain Analysis Potato in Ethiopia

More than 80% of the Ethiopian population earns their livelihood from crop cultivation and livestock rearing activities. Crop production is a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product accounting for approximately 28% from the sub sectors of agriculture. Among the crops, coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables and cereals are principal crops grown in Ethiopia. As a result, potato is the most important vegetable in terms of both production and consumption in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to review the major potato value chain actors and their roles, determinants of quantity of potato supplied to the market and factors affecting potato value addition at different stages of the value chain in Ethiopia. Finally, from the review literature almost all results the production of potato and the demand of potato increase from year to year.The major actors of potato value chain were channeled from producer to final consumers, such as input supplier, producers (farmer), wholesalers, retailers, small scale processor, and consumers. Although trading of potato is profitable across all samples and Potato is among the major vegetable export products. It is traded in both local market and export market outlets. Among the different literatures the following variables determine the supply of potato such as, distance to the market, Access of market information, price of produce, Access to extension service, size of land, yield, Access of credit and access of non-farm income. In addition to these the factor affecting value addition are not washing off soil from harvested potato, lack of packing material or baskets, as well as lack of transportation, storage, access of credit, access of extension services, small quantity to produce and distance to market. Most of the scholars are not address the value addition issue so this review tries to give recommendation for other researchers to conduct research on this issue. The review suggests that proper method of handling, information, transporting can keep quality and quantity of potato production. Therefore, it is recommended to assign efficient extension system, updating the producer’s knowledge and skill with improved production, storing and marketing system that enables to increase benefits of producers. Keywords: Potato, Value chain, production, value addition DOI: 10.7176/IEL/10-2-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

Analysis of Milk Value Chain: In Case of Burie Town West Gojjam Zone of Amhara National Regional Stat, Ethiopia

Milk is an important cash diary product for its contribution to income generating, employment opportunity and improvement of food security to majority of the rural household. However, enhancing milk producers to reach market and actively engage in the milk value chain is a key issue needed in the study area. Analysis of milk value chain in small scale dairy farmers was conducted in Burie town to assess the position of small scale dairy farmers in milk value chain. Purposive and simple random sampling was used as sampling techniques to select two Keble and 61 respondents respectively. From thos respondents 33 from Keble 03 and 28 from 04 Keble to collect the required information. The data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire survey, unstructured interview and observation as well as analyzed by using mean, percentage and tabular. The study was used to show both primary and secondary data collected during the study period. The dairy value chain is not well organized in Burie town. The roles and functions of all the actors in the value chain are not clear and there is a weak link between milk producers, traders and other stakeholder. Different factors affecting milk value chain in small scale dairy farmers were identified. Among these factors reduction in volume of milk produced, high cost of different inputs (animal feeds, improved breeds), high barging power of trader, weak relationship of dairy cooperative(no members), long fasting period of Ethiopia Orthodox Church are identified as the major factors affecting milk value chain in small scale dairy farmers. Out of the total interviewed farmers about 50% of the respondents produced 5.8 L of milk per day per cow from cross breed cow. On the other hand, small scale dairy farmers produce 1.5 L of milk per day per cow from local cow. Hence, to improve the position of small scale dairy farmers in milk value chain there were a strong relationship between dairy cooperative and small scale farmers in order to get economic benefit and to secure market access from dairy cooperative. Thus, in order to develop Burie dairy farm, all the factors identified in this study need to be carefully considered and addressed. Moreover, coordination and intervention strategies should be designed and applied across the entire value chain in order to develop the dairy sector. Keywords: Value chain, Milk, Value chain actors, Burie, factor

Effects of Fababean and Soya Bean on Biomass Production Potentials to Increase Soil Fertility in the Humid Highlands of Ethiopia

Soil fertility benefits of legume diversification depend on the legume-cereal ratio, the duration of legume biomass production and residue management. Ethiopia has the highest rates of nutrient depletions mainly due to the low nutrient input and high biomass removal. However, the net contribution of legumes to soil nutrient balance is determined by the extent to which crop residue is removed from the field. Therefore, we assessed two possible selected grain legumes fababean and soya bean. Soil samples were collected on a transect walk from Dedo and Tiro-Afeta districts. Six composite soil samples from each transect (based on elevation) were collected at the depth of (0-30cm). The soil samples were collected from fields that are known to grow continuous cereal-cereal at least for the last three years. A pot experiment was therefore conducted under screen house a condition in a RCBD with three replications on soils obtained from each transects. Soil physic-chemical properties were studied before and after sowing. All plants related data from crops were recorded at 75% flowering stage. The effect was observed by measuring plant biomass production for each fababean and soya bean. The study showed a significant (P<0.05) difference and positive correlation between treatments with soil available P before planting for both crops. Fababean recorded higher value for the biomass production under Dedo soils than soya bean for the same parameter.  Similarly, soya bean recorded higher value under Tiro-Afeta soils than Glycine max L. for the biomass production. Thus, this study concludes that firstly growing fababean  crop on the Dedo soils and the soya bean crop on the Tiro-Afeta soils would improve soil fertility quickly and inexpensively thereby crop productivity can be enhanced. Keywords: Fababean, Soya bean, Soil fertility and Biomass

Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae.  It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (Six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education.  Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies. Keywords: Control, Rabies, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Preventio