Nutritional Value of Fermented Maize Stover as Feed for Ruminant

An experiment was undertaken to determine the physical and nutritional properties, in Vitro digestibility of maize stover fermented with different levels of molasses. Maize stover was collected from the field immediately after harvesting the corn, chopped and were preserved in plastic containers under normal condition and were treated, sample fermented without additives (T1), a sample with the addition of water and 5% molasses (T2). After completion of each ensiled period, nutritional properties, in-vitro digestibility and were determined. The result reveals that crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), ash content of maize stover were increased (P<0.05) while the crude fiber (CF) contents were decreased (P<0.01) after ensiling and the addition of molasses. The highest DM, EE, and CP content was found to be 99.52%, 10.33% and 4.56% in T2 while CF was found highest in T1 32.79%. The OMD(organic matter digestibility) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) contents were decreased by ensiling with molasses. The highest DMD, OMD, N-NH3, total VFA DMD values were observed in treatmentT1 which were 47.71%, 46.78%, 12.50%, 5.42% respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of molasses improved and nutritional properties and preservation capacity of maize stover after 21 days of ensilingKeywords: Fermented, Maize stover, Molasses, Nutritional properties, Ruminan

The Effect of Multistage Ammoniation on Fiber Fraction and Digestibility of Maize Stover in vitro

The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover in vitro. Maize stover was treated by a multistage technique of different urea connect ration (8%, 4%, and 2%) and incubation for 14 days at room temperature.Digestibility of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and pH concentration were observed. However treatment maize stover and multistage ammoniation maize stover were composed by using T-test student as the statistic. There were not significantly different on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover. However, multistage ammoniation decreased ADF fraction by 56.67% to45.39%. The DM digestibility of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also increased by 35.18 to 45.91. The total VFA and N-ammonia of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also higher than control.Keywords: Ammoniation, Digestibility, in vitro, Maize stove

Rumen characteristics and feed utilization in goats fed with biologically treated oil palm fronds as roughage in a total mixed ration

Six male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats, 33.5 ± 1.7 kg body weight (BW), were randomly assigned to a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design to investigate the effects of fungal-treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization. The treatments were untreated oil palm frond (UOPF; T1), fungal treated oil palm frond (FTOPF; T2) and fungal treated oil palm frond with urea 1% (FTOPFU; T3). The results revealed that voluntary feed intake was not significantly different among treatments, while digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF) increased significantly with FTOPF. However, the mean ruminal temperature, pH, NH3-N, blood urea-nitrogen and amount of N absorbed and retained were similar among treatments. In conclusion, FTOPF could be included in total mixed rations without any adverse effect on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation efficiency, suggesting that FTOPF could be used potential as an alternative roughage source for ruminants.Keywords: Agricultural by-product, digestibility, fungal treatment, Lentinussajor-caju, small ruminan

Gas Kinetics, Rumen Characteristics, and In Vitro Degradability of Varied Levels of Dried and Fresh Cassava Leaf Top Fermented with Cassava Pulp

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different levels of dried cassava leaf top (DCT) and fresh cassava leaf top (FCT) fermented with cassava pulp (CS) on the nutritional value of silage, gas kinetics, rumen characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Dietary treatments were administered using a completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replicate runs. The eight treatments were as follows: 1) CS fermented no additive (nA), 2) CS fermented with additives (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, urea, molasses, and sugar) (CSA), 3) 95% CSA fermented with 5% DCT (5DCT), 4) 90% CSA fermented with 10% DCT (10DCT), 5) 85% CSA fermented with 15% DCT (15DCT), 6) 95% CSA fermented with 5% FCT (5FCT), 7) 90% CSA fermented with 10% FCT (10FCT), 8) 85% CSA fermented with 15% FCT (15FCT), respectively. After 21 days of fermentation, samples of the silages were taken for chemical analysis and utilized to examine the in vitro gas production and degradability. The results show that fermented CS with DCT at 5% to 10% DM had the highest increase in CP when compared to nA or CSA (p&lt;0.05). In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was significantly higher in CS fermented with 5% to 10% DCT (p&lt;0.01), whereas CS fermented with FCT levels demonstrated lower IVDMD than the control group (p&lt;0.01). The gas potential extent of gas production (p) and gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) did not differ significantly across treatments (p&gt;0.05). However,&nbsp;the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (a)&nbsp;was maximum when CS was fermented with 15DCT (p&lt;0.05). Different treatments significantly affected the pH of the fermentation solution with the addition of 10DCT and 15DCT for 12 and 24 hours of incubation, respectively (p&lt;0.01). After 12 hours of incubation, the population of protozoa was lowest when 5DCT and 10DCT were evaluated (p&lt;0.01). In conclusion, CS fermented with DCT at a concentration of 5% to 10% can increase crude protein content, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), and gas production from the immediately soluble fraction while decreasing the protozoa population

Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity in Plasma, and Growth Performance of Male Dairy Cattle Fed Black Rice and Purple Corn Extracted Residue

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of black rice and purple corn extracted residue (BPER) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and antioxidant activity in male dairy cattle. The residue after extraction of anthocyanin from black rice and purple corn contains anthocyanin and phenolic acids. Several researchers found that anthocyanins and phenolic acids had antioxidant and antimicrobial functions in animals. Sixteen male dairy cattle (with average body weight of 160 ± 10.6 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 levels of black rice and purple corn extracted residue (BPER) at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% dry matter (DM) in total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR diets were fed ad libitum for 125 days. The daily DM intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and plasma metabolites were measured. The results showed that BPER up to 6% had no effect on intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of ether extract (EE) increased with higher levels of BPER (p&lt;0.05). The DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed per gain were similar among treatments. There was no effect of BPER on the concentrations of glucose, urea, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), protein carbonyl, and antioxidant activity in the plasma. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the plasma decreased (p&lt;0.05) with the increased level of BPER, indicating that lower lipid oxidation compared to 0% BPER. It was concluded that BPER can be used up to 6% to reduce oxidative stress, without any negative effect on feed intake and nutrient digestibility

Influence of Yeast Fermented Cassava Chip Protein (YEFECAP) and Roughage to Concentrate Ratio on Ruminal Fermentation and Microorganisms Using Gas Production Technique

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of protein sources and roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio on in vitro fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. The experimental design was a 2×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A was 2 levels of protein sources yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) and soybean meal (SBM) and factor B was 5 levels of roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100, respectively. Rice straw was used as a roughage source. It was found that gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) of YEFECAP supplemented group was significantly higher (p0.05) on ether in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic (IVOMD) while R:C ratio affected the IVDMD and IVOMD (p0.05) as compared between the two sources of protein. Moreover, fungal zoospores and total bacteria population were significantly increased (p<0.01) while, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, R. albus, methanogens and protozoal population were decreased (p<0.01) with decreasing R:C ratio. In conclusion, YEFECAP has a potential for use as a protein source for improving rumen fermentation efficiency in ruminants

Effects of Eucalyptus Crude Oils Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation, Microorganism and Nutrient Digestibility in Swamp Buffaloes

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of 420±15.0 kg, were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals