Abnormal uterine bleeding in women of peri-menopausal age: a retrospective study

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a phenomenon which refers to menstrual bleeding of abnormal frequency, duration or quantity. It is a common gynaecological complaint caused by wide variety of organic or non-organic causes. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding with respect to aetiopathology, demographic variables, treatment options and other medical disorders.Methods: A retrospective study of randomly selected 200 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding between 40–55 years of age during January 2018 to January 2019, in the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in a tertiary care hospital. Demographic details of each patient were recorded and analysed. Patients were evaluated with menstrual history, physical examination, laboratory tests and histological examinations. Patients were followed up from 3 to 8 months.Results: Most common age group presenting with AUB was 40–45 years (65.55%) and mostly (68.33%) belonged to low socioeconomic status. Most of the women were multiparous and menorrhagia was most common presentation. In 60% cases, cause was non-organic (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) and among organic causes fibroid (21%) uterus was most common. Maximum number of patients (75%) was treated surgically and 20% got medical treatment.Conclusions: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common gynaecological manifestation allied with considerable morbidity and significantly affects the patient's family, personal and social life. Perimenopausal women’s health and quality of life can be maintained and improved through preventive care, life style modification, early diagnosis of risk factor and appropriate treatment

Session 3H: The Effects of Phenol on Locomotor Behavior and Aging on Drosophila melanogaster

In today’s world, there is a constant threat of environmental pollutants which negatively affects the daily lives of humans. One of these known pollutants is phenol, which is found in common consumer products such as mouthwash, lotions, and ointments. It has been found to accelerate senescence and decrease lifespan when introduced during early development. We utilized Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as a model organism to assess the effects of 0.1% phenol relative to a control group raised on water. Through assays such as negative geotaxis and longevity, we examined the differences between the instinctual behavior of both groups of fruit flies as they aged. Our results indicated that phenol diminished locomotive ability, which is a possible symptom of premature aging, and also suggested that phenol has a detrimental effect on the lifespan of fruit flies. Considering the extensive similarities between the DNA of fruit flies and humans, such findings imply that phenol might have a parallel effect on humans. Further research will be performed to counteract the aforementioned negative effects through the manipulation of certain genes and introduction of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory substances into the diet of the phenol-exposed flies

Gynecological problems and reproductive health awareness amongst late adolescent girls pursuing professional courses: a questionnaire based survey

Background: Dysmenorrhoeais a debilitating menstrual problem and may be related to body mass index (BMI). This study was done to explore the various gynecological problems in girls in their late adolescence that is pursuing professional courses in medicine, dental and nursing.Methods: This was a prospective, questionnaire based study conducted between January and February 2019 in a medical college in Visakhapatnam, India. The survey included female undergraduate students of the Medical, Dental and Nursing colleges to find out their menstrual history and reproductive awareness with the help of a self-structured questionnaire. Participants were categorized based on BMI. Data was reported as number and percentage.Results: Of the 190 participants, 154 participants (age range; 16-19 years) were included in the study. Fifty percent of the total participants reported to have dysmenorrhoea, of which 21% reported severe dysmenorrhoea. A very high % of participants in the obese category (77.8%) reported severe dysmenorrhoea, followed by 27.3% in the underweight category. A U-shaped relationship between percentage of participants with severe dysmenorrhoea and increasing BMI was observed. A fair percentage of obese participants reported for infrequent periods beyond 35-45 days and androgenic features like excess hair, acne and dark pigmentation around neck, suggestive of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The participants possessed a high level of awareness and reported in the range of 87.1 to 96.8% related to reproductive health.Conclusions: Despite high level of awareness among the participants we observed a considerably high prevalence of dysmenorrhoea which was even more prevalent, in the obese category

Formulation and Evaluation of Cefixime Floating Matrix Tablets

The present research work Cefixime Controlled Gas Powered System (CGPS) are retained for longer period oftime in the stomach. The bioavailability of cefixime is around 40-50 %. The gas powered tablets of Cefixime were prepared by direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for quality control tests and all the physical parameters evaluated are within the acceptable limits. Drug compatibility with excipients was Checkedby FTIR studies and these results were revealed that, no interaction between drug with the excipients used. The results of in-vitro buoyancy time and lag time study revealed that as the concentration of sodium bicarbonate increases there is increase in total buoyancy time and decrease in lag time. In all the formulations buoyancy time ranges from 40-690 min and lag time ranges from 65-10 min. The formulation F3 shows the lag time of 10 min. and buoyancy time 600 min. The release of cefixime from all the formulations was in the range of 46.67- 58.93 % at the end of 6 hrs. and 64.43-98.49 % at the end of 24 hrs. The CGPS system using sodium carboxy methyl cellulose along with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid added significantly increased the drug release from the formulation. It is also evident that sodium bicarbonate levels had a considerable effect on the drug release profile. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. From this study, it can be concluded that, the formulation retained for longer periods of time in the stomach and provides controlled release of the drug. Hence, improve the therapeutic effect of the drug

Varijacija gena β-tubulin izotip 1 u kodonu 167 i 200 odgovorna za rezistenciju Haemonchus contortus na benzimidazol iz ovaca uzgajanih u distriktu Krishna, AP, Indija.

A study was carried out for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 167 and 200 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene that are linked to BZ resistance of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. A total of 226 adult male worms were genotyped from different regions of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. Amplification of DNA from each worm by PCR, followed by semi-nested PCR, yielded an expected fragment of 488 bp product. The PCR product was subsequently digested with restriction endonuclease SnaBI and TaaI to detect mutation at codon 167 and 200 respectively. On digestion, three different fragment patterns were observed at codon 200, one with 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (homozygous resistant; ‘rr’), the second with 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (heterozygous; ‘rS’), and another with 282 bp and 206 bp fragment (homozygous susceptible; ‘SS’). No resistance allele (TAC) was evident at codon 167 in any worms including the worms that carried a susceptible allele (TTC) at codon 200. The overall genotype frequencies varied significantly (P<0.01) with respect to the β-tubulin gene/TaaI locus in the study area. The frequency of ‘rS’ (64.60%) genotypes was high compared to that of ‘rr’ and ‘SS’ genotypes. The genotype frequency for ‘rr’ worms ranged from 6.25% to 31.82% among different regions. In general, the prevalence of BZ resistance allele was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher (54.0%). Results revealed β-tubulin isotype 1 polymorphism at codon 200 in H. contortus of sheep indicating the occurrence of resistance allele in the study area.Provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem otkrivanja polimorfizama pojedinačnih nukleotida u kodonu 167 i 200, β-tubulin izotip 1 gena koji je povezan s otpornošću ovčjeg parazita Haemonchus contortus prema benzimidazolu (BZ). Genotipizirano je ukupno je 226 odraslih muških crva iz različitih područja distrikta Krishna, Andhra Pradesh. Umnažanje DNA iz svakoga crva pomoću PCR-a praćeno je poluugniježđenim PCR-om, čime je proizveden očekivani fragment od 488 bp. PCR produkt potom je pomiješan s restrikcijskim endonukleazama SnaBI i TaaI radi otkrivanja mutacije u kodonu 167 i 200. U kodonu 200 opažena su tri različita fragmenta, jedan s 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (homozigotno rezistentan, „rr“), drugi s 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (heterozigot, „rS“) i treći s 282 bp i 206 bp fragmentom (homozigotno sumnjiv, „SS“). Rezistentni alel (TAC) nije ustanovljen u kodonu 167 svih istraženih crva, uključujući crve koji su nosili sumnjivi alel (TTC) u kodonu 200. Ukupna učestalost genotipova znatno je varirala (P<0,01) u odnosu na β-tubulin gen/TaaI lokus istraženog područja. Učestalost genotipa „rS“ (64,60 %) bila je visoka u usporedbi s učestalošću genotipova „rr“ i „SS“. Učestalost genotipa „rr“ kod crva iz različitih područja kretala se u rasponu od 6,25 % do 31,82 %. Općenito, opažena je signifikantno (P<0,01) viša (54,0 %) prevalencija BZ rezistentnog alela. Rezultati potvrđuju da polimorfizam kodona 200 u β-tubulin izotip 1 genu ovčjeg parazita H. contortus upućuje na pojavu rezistentnih alela u istraženim područjima

Insights into Ordinal Embedding Algorithms: A Systematic Evaluation

The objective of ordinal embedding is to find a Euclidean representation of a set of abstract items, using only answers to triplet comparisons of the form "Is item $i$ closer to the item $j$ or item $k$?". In recent years, numerous algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem. However, there does not exist a fair and thorough assessment of these embedding methods and therefore several key questions remain unanswered: Which algorithms scale better with increasing sample size or dimension? Which ones perform better when the embedding dimension is small or few triplet comparisons are available? In our paper, we address these questions and provide the first comprehensive and systematic empirical evaluation of existing algorithms as well as a new neural network approach. In the large triplet regime, we find that simple, relatively unknown, non-convex methods consistently outperform all other algorithms, including elaborate approaches based on neural networks or landmark approaches. This finding can be explained by our insight that many of the non-convex optimization approaches do not suffer from local optima. In the low triplet regime, our neural network approach is either competitive or significantly outperforms all the other methods. Our comprehensive assessment is enabled by our unified library of popular embedding algorithms that leverages GPU resources and allows for fast and accurate embeddings of millions of data points

Evaluating the Clinical and Cost Effectiveness of Musculoskeletal Digital Health Solutions

This chapter will introduce the clinician to the quickly expanding field of musculoskeletal-focused digital apps (MDA), with an eye towards helping the clinician select and recommend MDAs for optimal patient care. MDAs are increasingly being used for physical therapy and rehabilitation, telehealth, pain management, behavioral health, and remote patient monitoring. The COVID-19 pandemic has vastly accelerated the adoption of telehealth and digital health apps by patients and clinicians, and the digital health field will only continue to expand as developers increasingly harness artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) capabilities, coupled with precision medicine capabilities that integrate personal health data tracking and genomics insights. Here we begin with an overview of several types of MDA, before discussing the epidemiology of musculoskeletal conditions and injuries, clinical considerations in selecting a digital health solution, payor reimbursement for digital apps, and regulatory oversight of digital health apps