The Effect of Organic-cr Dietary Supplementation on Stress Response in Transport-stressed Beef Cattle

Transportation over long distances resulted in stress at animal. Under these circumstances, animalusually manifest depression and the impact on physiological condition changes and loss of body weight.The objectives of the research were to examine effect supplementation of organic-Cr type into diets intransport-stress beef cattle on physiological condition, haematochemical (included were haematologicalcondition and blood chemical) and body weight changes. The experiment was conducted using 16 beefcattle those were transported by truck for a distance of 400 km from Malangbong to Tangerang. Theexperiment was arranged by Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications.The dietary treatments consisted of R0 (basal diet without Cr supplemented), R1 (R0+3ppm organic-Crresulted of alkali hydrolysis), R2 (R0+3 ppm organic-Cr resulted from bioprocess), R3 (R0+3 ppmorganic-Cr resulted from bioremediation). The result indicated that type of organic-Cr supplementationat 3 ppm in diet did not influence physiological condition, haematochemical and body weight at beefcattle transported for seven hours. There was indication that beef cattle fed on control diet (without Cr)showed a stress symptom, their loss of body weight were higher (5.41%) compared to beef given dietcontains organic-Cr (3.72%, 5.04% and 4.83%, respectively for R1, R2 and R3)

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Promoter of an <i>Ascorbate Oxidase</i> Gene from <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>

<div><p>Apoplastic ascorbate oxidase (AO) plays significant roles in plant cell growth. However, the mechanism of underlying the transcriptional regulation of <i>AO</i> in <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> remains unclear. Here, we obtained a 1,920-bp promoter sequence from the <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> ascorbate oxidase (<i>GhAO1</i>) gene, and this <i>GhAO1</i> promoter included a number of known cis-elements. Promoter activity analysis in overexpressing <i>pGhAO1</i>::<i>GFP-GUS</i> tobacco (<i>Nicotiana</i> <i>benthamiana</i>) showed that the <i>GhAO1</i> promoter exhibited high activity, driving strong reporter gene expression in tobacco trichomes, leaves and roots. Promoter 5’-deletion analysis demonstrated that truncated <i>GhAO1</i> promoters with serial 5’-end deletions had different GUS activities. A 360-bp fragment was sufficient to activate GUS expression. The P-1040 region had less GUS activity than the P-720 region, suggesting that the 320-bp region from nucleotide -720 to -1040 might include a cis-element acting as a silencer. Interestingly, an auxin-responsive cis-acting element (TGA-element) was uncovered in the promoter. To analyze the function of the TGA-element, tobacco leaves transformed with promoters with different 5’ truncations were treated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Tobacco leaves transformed with the promoter regions containing the TGA-element showed significantly increased GUS activity after IAA treatment, implying that the fragment spanning nucleotides -1760 to -1600 (which includes the TGA-element) might be a key component for IAA responsiveness. Analyses of the <i>AO</i> promoter region and <i>AO</i> expression pattern in <i>Gossypium arboreum</i> (Ga, diploid cotton with an AA genome), <i>Gossypium raimondii</i> (Gr, diploid cotton with a DD genome) and <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> (Gh, tetraploid cotton with an AADD genome) indicated that <i>AO</i> promoter activation and <i>AO</i> transcription were detected together only in D genome/sub-genome (Gr and Gh) cotton. Taken together, these results suggest that the 1,920-bp <i>GhAO1</i> promoter is a functional sequence with a potential effect on fiber cell development, mediated by TGA-element containing sequences, via the auxin-signaling pathway.</p></div

Primers used in the present study.

<p>Primers used in the present study.</p

Analysis of the <i>GhAO1</i> promoter sequence.

<p>The translation start codon is indicated by a box. The putative TATA-box and CAAT-box are indicated by shading, and the CAT-box, Skn-1 motifs, root motifs, MYB recognition sites, G-box, ARE, TGA-element, ABRE and HSE are indicated by underlining.</p

Promoter activity analysis of serial 5’-deletion constructs of the <i>GhAO1</i> promoter under IAA treatment.

<p>Various 5’-deletion constructs were transformed into tobacco leaf discs (1.5 cm diameter) using the agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation method. Discs of tobacco leaf tissue were incubated in MS medium with or without 1 mg/L IAA and incubated at 25°C for 2 d. Then, the quantitative analysis of GUS activity was spectrophotometrically measured. The GUS activity of non-DNA transformants (control) was also investigated. The white columns show GUS activity under normal treatment, and the black columns show GUS activity under IAA treatment. Each value represents the mean of the results from three independent experiments, and the bars indicate standard deviations.</p

Promoter activity analysis of the <i>GhAO1</i> promoter and 5’-deletion constructs.

<p>Different constructs were transformed into tobacco, and GUS activity was assayed. (A) Schematic presentation of the 5’-deletion constructs. The full-length and truncated fragments were fused to the <i>GFP-GUS</i> gene, generating the constructs P-1920, P-1760, P-1600, P-1320, P-1040, P-720, and P-360. (B) Quantitative analysis of the GUS activity of the constructs. The promoter activity was determined in transgenic tobacco leaves transformed with the different constructs. The specific GUS activity was determined as the rate of 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucuronide conversion to 4-methylumbelliferone (pmol mg protein^-1 min^-1). The data are presented as the average of three independent experiments.</p

Additional file 7: of Systematic comparison of lncRNAs with protein coding mRNAs in population expression and their response to environmental change

The lncRNA-mRNA pairs with Spearman correlation coefficients larger than 0.7, including 1 052 mRNAs and 1 023 lncRNAs. (XLSX 44 kb

Additional file 9: of Systematic comparison of lncRNAs with protein coding mRNAs in population expression and their response to environmental change

Collection locations and experimental field sites for each of the sampled individuals of the M. lutarioriparius species. (XLSX 10 kb

Additional file 8: of Systematic comparison of lncRNAs with protein coding mRNAs in population expression and their response to environmental change

The lncRNA-mRNA pairs in the WUE-lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. (XLSX 75 kb

Additional file 5: of Systematic comparison of lncRNAs with protein coding mRNAs in population expression and their response to environmental change

The expression frequency of each lncRNA in population and their different frequency between two environments JH and QG. (XLSX 1136 kb