Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Editorial

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research is an open access, online journal that aims to expeditiously publish clinical and basic research studies related to musculoskeletal issues in different cultural communities. It provides a platform for exchanges of new clinical and scientific information in the most precise and expeditious way to achieve dissemination of information and cross-fertilization of ideas. The open access nature of this journal allows articles to be universally and freely accessible via the Internet. This ensures a rapid and efficient communication of research findings. The journal welcomes all types of articles related to musculoskeletal issues. Its timely publication and high visibility are the two most important features that make this journal different from other traditional journals in the orthopaedic field

Type-Directed Weaving of Aspects for Higher-order Functional Languages

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) has been shown to be a useful model for software development. Special care must be taken when we try to adapt AOP to strongly typed functional languages which come with features like a type inference mechanism, polymorphic types, higher-order functions and type-scoped pointcuts. Our main contribution lies in a seamless integration of these two paradigms through a static weaving process which deals with around advices with type-scoped pointcuts in the presence of higher-order functions. We give a source-level type inference system for a higher-order, polymorphic language coupled with type-scoped pointcuts. The type system ensures that base programs are oblivious to the type of around advices. We present a type-directed translation scheme which resolves all advice applications at static time. The translation removes advice declarations from source programs and produces translated code which is typable in the Hindley-Milner system

On the Pursuit of Static and Coherent Weaving

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) has been shown to be a useful model for software development. Special care must be taken when we try to adapt AOP to strongly typed functional languages which come with features like type inference mechanism, polymorphic types, higher-order functions and type-scoped pointcuts. Specifically, it is highly desirable that weaving of aspect-oriented functional programs can be performed statically and coherently. In [13], we showed a type-directed weaver which resolves all advice chainings coherently at static time. The novelty of this paper lies in the extended framework which supports static and coherent weaving in the presence of polymorphic recursive functions, advising advice bodies and higher-order advices

The demand for lottery expenditure in Taiwan: a quantile regression approach

This paper is a pioneering attempt to apply the quantile regression method (QRM) to the demand for lottery expenditure in order to consider the extreme behavior of lottery expenditure as well as clarify the diverse results obtained from previous studies on lottery expenditure. The results of this study reveal that there exists a complementary correlation both between benevolent donations and lottery expenditure, and between entertainment expenditure and lottery expenditure. By contrast, the results from using OLS reveal that benevolent donations do not have a significant impact on lottery expenditure and that entertainment expenditure does not have a negative impact on lottery expenditure. Besides, expenditure on cigarettes and alcohol is found to have a positive impact on lottery expenditure, which coincides with the results of Balabanis (2002).

A theoretical study of pure and simple competition between two microbial species in configurations of two interconnected chemostat

It is known that two microbial populations competing purely and simply for a common substrate cannot coexist in a steady state in an environment which is spatially homogeneous. Hence they cannot coexist in a chemostat something which implies that a mixed culture of two pure and simple competitors cannot be maintained in a single ideal reactor in a steady state. The present study investigates theoretically pure and simple competition between two populations in two interconnected chemostats. Three reactor configurations are considered and analyzed. It is proved that two pure and simple competitors can coexist in a steady state in both reactors in cases where the conditions are such that they favor the growth of one species in one reactor and the growth of its competitor in the other vessel. It is then concluded that spatial inhomogeneities can lead to steady state coexistence of pure and simple competitors. The results of this study have been derived analytically and numerically. The dynamic behavior of the system at all possible steady states has been studied analytically. A number of conditions sufficient and/or necessary for the existence of each one of the possible steady states have been derived also analytically. The numerical studies have shown that one can always find a range in the operating parameters space where coexistence occurs, that the steady states are mutually exclusive and that no steady state exhibits multiplicity. The results are presented in series of two-dimensional operating diagrams and the effect of all parameters on the behavior of the system is studied and discussed in detail. It has been also proved that it is not necessary for coexistence to externally feed both vessels with nutrient medium and that there is a design configuration which makes the environment always homogeneous in which case coexistence is impossible

Integrated anaerobic-aerobic system for the biodegradation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds

A two-step process was developed for the complete mineralization of hazardous chlorinated aromatic compounds. The system consisted of an anaerobic reactor, in which reductive dehalogenation took place, coupled with an aerobic reactor in which the complete mineralization of the products of the anaerobic dehalogenation occurred. A mixed anaerobic culture from a municipal sewage treatment plant was enriched and then immobilized on silica-based porous beads to treat 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), which is the model target compound in this work. In the anaerobic reactor, TCP was degraded to 2,4-dichlorophenol which was, in turn, reduced to 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). Stoichiometric amounts of 4-CP were recovered at the end of the anaerobic step. No other unknown compound was produced to any significant extent during the anaerobic process. As the anaerobic culture got acclimated to the TCP, the dehalogenation rate of TCP increased from 21.7 to 43.2 μM/day. The effluent from the anaerobic reactor was subsequently treated in a suspended growth aerobic reactor to remove the 4-CP. The anaerobic effluent had to be buffered with a phosphate solution to adjust its μH to about 7 and maintain aerobic activity. When the system was run in batch mode, 106.4 μM of TCP could be dechlorinated to 4-CP in three days by an acclimated anaerobic culture. 98 μM of the 4-CP produced were then mineralized in the aerobic reactor in less than three days. When the system was run in continuous mode, 120 μM of TCP were entirely and continuously dechlorinated to 4-CP in the anaerobic reactor, and then completely mineralized in the aerobic reactor. The average residence times (which were not optimized) in the anaerobic and aerobic reactors were respectively 105 and 98 hours, although there are indications that these were longer than necessary

Fixed or mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty

Fixed and mobile-bearing in total knee arthroplasty are still discussed controversially. In this article, biomechanical and clinical aspects in both fixed and mobile-bearing designs were reviewed. In biomechanical aspect, the mobile-bearing design has proved to provide less tibiofemoral contact stresses under tibiofemoral malalignment conditions. It also provides less wear rate in in-vitro simulator test. Patients with posterior stabilized mobile-bearing knees had more axial tibiofemoral rotation than patients with posterior stabilized fixed-bearing knees during gait as well as in a deep knee-bend activity. However, in clinical aspect, the mid-term or long-term survivorship of mobile-bearing knees has no superiority over that of fixed-bearing knees. The theoretical advantages for mobile-bearing design to provide a long-term durability have not been demonstrated by any outcome studies. Finally, the fixed-bearing design with all-polyethylene tibial component is suggested for relatively inactive, elder people. The mobile-bearing design is suggested for younger or higher-demand patients due to the potential for reduced polyethylene wear and more normal kinematics response after joint replacement. For younger surgeon, the fixed-bearing design is suggested due to less demand for surgical technique. For experienced surgeon, one familiar surgical protocol and instrumentation is suggested rather than implant design, either fixed-bearing or mobile-bearing

Stock Market Interdependence and Trade Relations: A Correlation Test for the U.S. and Its Trading Partners

Based on the well-established trade relations between the U.S. and its major trading partners, this paper examines the robustness of the trade relation hypothesis which, in some recent studies, argues that difference in trade relations among countries can significantly explain difference in the stock market interdependence. The generalized VDC analysis is employed to measure the stock market interdependence, and the correlation test with bootstrap procedure is applied to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that the hypothesis is hardly as a general rule.