Impacts of S1 and X2 Interfaces on eMBMS Handover Failure: Solution and Performance Analysis

In evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS), service continuity enables users move from one cell to another without interrupting eMBMS service. Unlike traditional handover in unicast transmission, a UE can receive eMBMS service in either unicast or multicast mode. In this paper, we point out a new handover failure problem in eMBMS due to the miss of rekeying information. We first take a close look at the new handover scenarios. We then investigate the problem by using comprehensive mathematical models. Our models provide insights on the new handover problem and introduce theoretical guidelines for mobile operators to design and optimize their networks without wide deployment to save cost and time. Moreover, we propose a solution to combat against the handover failure. Both the simulation and analytical results demonstrate that the impacts of the eMBMS handover failure are reduced significantly. In this paper, we present a systematic way to investigate the handover failure problem in eMBMS

Qubit Mapping Toward Quantum Advantage

Qubit Mapping is a pivotal stage in quantum compilation flow. Its goal is to convert logical circuits into physical circuits so that a quantum algorithm can be executed on real-world non-fully connected quantum devices. Qubit Mapping techniques nowadays still lack the key to quantum advantage, scalability. Several studies have proved that at least thousands of logical qubits are required to achieve quantum computational advantage. However, to our best knowledge, there is no previous research with the ability to solve the qubit mapping problem with the necessary number of qubits for quantum advantage in a reasonable time. In this work, we provide the first qubit mapping framework with the scalability to achieve quantum advantage while accomplishing a fairly good performance. The framework also boasts its flexibility for quantum circuits of different characteristics. Experimental results show that the proposed mapping method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on quantum circuit benchmarks by improving over 5% of the cost complexity in one-tenth of the program running time. Moreover, we demonstrate the scalability of our method by accomplishing mapping of an 11,969-qubit Quantum Fourier Transform within five hours

Representation Learning for Sequential Volumetric Design Tasks

Volumetric design, also called massing design, is the first and critical step in professional building design which is sequential in nature. As the volumetric design process is complex, the underlying sequential design process encodes valuable information for designers. Many efforts have been made to automatically generate reasonable volumetric designs, but the quality of the generated design solutions varies, and evaluating a design solution requires either a prohibitively comprehensive set of metrics or expensive human expertise. While previous approaches focused on learning only the final design instead of sequential design tasks, we propose to encode the design knowledge from a collection of expert or high-performing design sequences and extract useful representations using transformer-based models. Later we propose to utilize the learned representations for crucial downstream applications such as design preference evaluation and procedural design generation. We develop the preference model by estimating the density of the learned representations whereas we train an autoregressive transformer model for sequential design generation. We demonstrate our ideas by leveraging a novel dataset of thousands of sequential volumetric designs. Our preference model can compare two arbitrarily given design sequences and is almost 90% accurate in evaluation against random design sequences. Our autoregressive model is also capable of autocompleting a volumetric design sequence from a partial design sequence

The History, Mechanism, and Clinical Application of Auricular Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Auricular therapy includes acupuncture, electroacupuncture, acupressure, lasering, cauterization, moxibustion, and bloodletting in the auricle. For 2500 years, people have employed auricular therapy for treating diseases, but the methods have been limited to bloodletting and cauterization. Only after 1957, the international scientific community became aware that the map of the ear resembles an inverted fetus, its introduction has led to auricular acupuncture (AA) becoming a more systemic approach, and, following the identification and standardization of more precise points, AA has been employed in clinical applications. The mechanisms of AA are considered to have a close relationship with the autonomic nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, neuroimmunological factors, neuroinflammation, and neural reflex, as well as antioxidation. Auricular therapy has been applied, for example, for pain relief, for the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, and obesity, and for improving sleep quality. However, the mechanisms and evidence for auricular therapy warrant further study

Design and Analysis of the Key Management Mechanism in Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

3GPP introduced the key management mechanism (KMM) in evolved multimedia broadcast/multicast service (eMBMS) to provide forward security and backward security for multicast contents. In this paper, we point out that KMM may lead to frequent rekeying and re-authentication issues due to eMBMS's characteristics: 1) massive group members; 2) dynamic group topology; and 3) unexpected wireless disconnections. Such issues expose extra load for both user equipment (UE) terminals and mobile operators. It seems prolonging the rekeying interval is an intuitive solution to minimizing the impact of the issues. However, a long rekeying interval is not considered the best operational solution due to revenue loss of content providers. This paper quantifies the tradeoff between the load of the UEs and the operators as well as the revenue loss of the content providers. Moreover, we emphasize how essential this rekeying interval has impacts on the problems. Using our proposed tradeoff model, the operators can specify a suitable rekeying interval to best balance the interest between the above three parties. The tradeoff model is validated by extensive simulations and is demonstrated to be an effective approach for the tradeoff analysis and optimization on eMBMS