Changes in physico-chemical parameters during forced-aeration static-pile co-composting of cattle manure with calcium cyanamide

The goal of this research was to determine the effect of CaCN2 addition into manure mixed with sawdust on the composting process under forced-aeration static condition, especially on nitrogen (N). The changes in the physical and chemical parameters over the entire composting period were evaluated. The profile of temperature, pH, and NO3 –-N was improved in the piles mixed with 2%, 3% and 4% CaCN2 (the test piles). The NH4 +-N met the limit value accepted for mature compost. Finally, the additive contents of not less than 2% but not more than 3% in CaCN2 were recommended for this system based upon a comprehensive evaluation of the measured parameters

Reduction of foodborne pathogens during cattle manure composting with addition of calcium cyanamide

Inactivation of four species of foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella, E. faecalis, and S. aureus) was investigated during laboratory-scale composting of fresh cow manure with addition of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) at constant temperature conditions, and the effects of temperature and additive content of CaCN2 on the efficacy of inactivation were evaluated. At different composting temperatures (20, 30, 37 and 50 °C), a significant inhibition or quick inactivation of pathogens were observed during 10 d composting with addition of 2.0% CaCN2, and the effect was more obvious at mesophilic temperatures compared to thermophilic temperature. Therefore, the ideal additive content of CaCN2 was determined at 30 °C through mixing 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0% CaCN2 with manure. With increase in additive content of CaCN2, the efficacies of pathogen inactivation also increased. However, the result indicates that, no less than 2.5% CaCN2 should be mixed with the manure to entirely eliminate the pathogens during composting

Effect of Production System on Welfare Traits, Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Ducks

The effects of production system on welfare traits, growth performance and meat quality of ducks were explored. A total of 120 newly hatched ducklings were randomly assigned to three groups: i) floor-reared system (FRS); ii) welfare-reared system (WRS) and iii) net-reared system (NRS) (n = 8 ducklings/pen, 5 pens/group). In the FRS, ducks were reared on sawdust bedding that was changed every 2 - 3 days. The WRS was similar to the FRS, the difference being the addition of environmental enrichment devices such as perches, coloured balloons and ribbons. In the NRS, ducks were reared on plastic nets on a bamboo bed, and their droppings were cleaned daily with water. After 35 d, welfare traits, growth performance and meat quality of the ducks were measured. Moving and playing durations of WRS ducks were longer than FRS and NRS ducks. Bathing and feather pecking durations of NRS ducks were longer than FRS and WRS ducks. Duck feather quality was greater and gait defects were reduced in NRS system compared with FRS and WRS systems. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was not affected by the production system. Growth performance was not significantly different between FRS and WRS systems. Average daily weight gain of FRS ducks was higher than in NRS ducks. Feed conversion ratio of FRS ducks was lower than in NRS ducks. There was no difference in acidity, conductivity of pectoralis and leg muscle, and drip loss among the production systems. The conclusion was that NRS proved to be the best production system on welfare traits, while WRS and FRS were the best production systems on growth performance.Keywords: Drip Loss, Feather Quality, Fluctuating Asymmetry, Gait Defect, Production Syste

Compound Probiotics Improve the Diarrhea Rate and Intestinal Microbiota of Newborn Calves

We evaluated the effects of probiotic compounds on the composition of the gut microbiota. Forty newborn calves were random allocated to the lactic acid bacteria + yeast group (LS group), lactic acid bacteria group (L group), yeast group (S group), and control group (D group). Probiotics containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were fed to calves in the three treatment groups for 15 days. The feeding process lasted 15 days. Fecal samples were collected from all calves at the end of the trial and analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Totals of 1,029,260 high-quality reads and 420,010,128 bp of sequences were obtained. Among the four groups, the alpha diversity of gut microbes was significantly higher in newborn cattle in the LS group than in those in the L, S, and D groups. Overall, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, whereas Bifidobacterium was the most abundant phylum in the gut of cattle in the LS group. Newborn calves from the compound probiotic groups had closely clustered gut bacterial communities and had lower rates of diarrhea. Overall, compound probiotics regulated the intestinal microbiota community structure of newborn calves and improved intestinal health. New information relevant to the prevention of diarrhea is provided by our research in newborn calves

Effects of Pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection on the Flora Composition, Function, and Content of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Calf Feces

Calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli is a major cause of death in calves, with a mortality rate of over 50%. It is crucial to understand the pathogenesis and development of calf diarrhea for its prevention and treatment. We aimed to study the effect of pathogenic E. coli on the flora composition, function, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content of calf feces using a calf diarrhea model. Sixty-four newborn Holstein calves (40–43 kg) were divided into a normal group (NG; n = 32) and a test group (TG; n = 32). At the beginning of the experiment, the TG were orally administered pathogenic E. coli O1 (2.5 × 1011 CFU/mL, 100 mL) to establish a calf diarrhea model, and the NG were orally administered the same amount of physiological saline solution. The calves of the two groups were subjected to the same feeding and management. Fresh feces samples were collected at different time points and subjected to 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine the fecal microbial composition and SCFA content. Pathogenic E. coli O1 significantly altered microbiotas composition in the feces of calves, increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and decreasing that of Firmicutes. It also led to a significant increase in the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in Lactobacillus, as well as significantly decreased SCFA content. Therefore, we postulate that pathogenic E. coli induces calf diarrhea by causing intestinal florae imbalance and reducing the content of SCFA

Emodin Improves Intestinal Health and Immunity through Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice Infected by Pathogenic Escherichia coli O1

The effect of emodin on the intestinal mucosal barrier of a mouse E. coli O1-induced diarrhea model was observed. Following successful establishment of a diarrhea model, the mice were treated with drugs for seven days. Intestinal lesions and the shape and the number of goblet cells were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin and periodic-acid-Schiff staining, while changes in inflammatory factors, ultrastructure of the small intestine, expression of MUC-2, and changes in the intestinal microbiota were analyzed via RT-PCR, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Examination showed that emodin ameliorated pathological damage to the intestines of diarrheic mice. RT-PCR indicated that emodin reduced TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, MPO, and COX-2 mRNA levels in duodenal tissues and increased the levels of sIgA and MUC-2 and the number of goblet cells. Microbiome analysis revealed that Escherichia coli O1 reduced bacterial richness and altered the distribution pattern of bacterial communities at the phylum and order levels in cecum contents. Notably, pathogenic Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales were significantly increased in diarrheic mice. However, emodin reversed the trend. Thus, emodin protected against intestinal damage induced by E. coli O1 and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in mice by increasing the abundance of beneficial intestinal microbiota and inhibiting the abundance of harmful bacteria, thereby alleviating diarrhea

Effects of the <i>CDC10</i> (<i>Septin 7</i>) Gene on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Bovine Intramuscular Preadipocyte and 3T3-L1 Cells

Intramuscular fat content and marbling affecting meat quality are important economic traits in beef cattle. CDC10 (cell division cycle 10 or Septin 7), a member of the septin family involved in cellular proliferation, was considered as a functional and positional candidate gene for beef marbling. In a previous study, we revealed that the expression levels of CDC10 were also positively correlated with marbling scores in Japanese Black cattle. However, the regulatory mechanism of the CDC10 gene on IMF deposition in cattle remains unclear. In the present study, flow cytometry, EdU proliferation assays, and Oil Red O staining results showed that overexpression of CDC10 could promote the differentiation of bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIMP) and 3T3-L1 cells, whereas knockdown of CDC10 resulted in the opposite consequences. Furthermore, quantitative PCR and Western blotting results showed that overexpression of CDC10 could promote the expression levels of adipogenic marker genes PPARγ and C/EBPα at both mRNA and protein levels in BIMP and 3T3-L1 cells, whereas knockdown of CDC10 resulted in the opposite consequences. Our results provide new insights into the regulatory roles of CDC10 in adipocytes in animals

Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota of Grazing Mongolian Cattle from Different Regions in Inner Mongolia, China

Mongolian cattle from China have strong adaptability and disease resistance. We aimed to compare the gut microbiota community structure and diversity in grazing Mongolian cattle from different regions in Inner Mongolia and to elucidate the influence of geographical factors on the intestinal microbial community structure. We used high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the fecal microbial community and diversity in samples from 60 grazing Mongolian cattle from Hulunbuir Grassland, Xilingol Grassland, and Alxa Desert. A total of 2,720,545 high-quality reads and sequences that were 1,117,505,301 bp long were obtained. Alpha diversity among the three groups showed that the gut microbial diversity in Mongolian cattle in the grasslands was significantly higher than that in the desert. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas Verrucomicrobia presented the highest abundance in the gut of cattle in the Alxa Desert. The gut bacterial communities in cattle from the grasslands versus the Alxa Desert were distinctive, and those from the grasslands were closely clustered. Community composition analysis revealed significant differences in species diversity and richness. Overall, the composition of the gut microbiota in Mongolian cattle is affected by geographical factors. Gut microbiota may play important roles in the geographical adaptations of Mongolian cattle