Models of unionism and unemployment

We investigate the problem of simultaneous determination of labour market institutions and outcomes in single equation multi-country estimations by presenting an empirical analysis of unemployment and union density in 20 OECD countries. When explicitly modelling potential endogeneity and heterogeneity, our results suggest that unions contribute to explaining unemployment in different ways than previously thought. In addition, the relationship between unemployment and union density is heterogeneous across countries, depending on the way in which income support for the unemployed is organize

SISTEMA DI DECONTAMINAZIONE DI CIRCUITI IDRICI

La presente invenzione si riferisce ad un sistema per la decontaminazione di un circuito idrico costituito da un condotto di alimentazione di acqua, in particolare proveniente dalla rete di fornitura o da serbatoio interno al riunito o allo studio, ed almeno un condotto di scarico dell'acqua circolante nel circuito; il sistema comprende mezzi di apertura e chiusura del condotto di alimentazione di acqua, mezzi di apertura e chiusura del condotto di scarico dell'acqua circolante nel circuito e mezzi di immissione di aria in pressione nel circuito idrico

Surgical masks vs respirators: properties and indications for use

OBIETTIVI. Sono numerose le procedure odontoiatriche in grado di creare un aerosol capace di trasportare batteri, virus e particelle inquinate nell’ambiente circostante. L’utilizzo di una turbina o di uno strumento ultrasonico va a creare una sospensione di particelle di vario diametro che presenta un serio rischio infettivo per le cavità nasali e tracheo-bronchiali. Questa deposizione di particelle avviene su differenti livelli a seconda delle loro dimensioni, dove le più grosse vengono fermate nelle cavità nasali, mentre le più piccole finiscono negli alveoli polmonari. Queste particelle aerosoliche hanno un proprio movimento, anche di alcuni metri, in parte causato dallo spostamento di masse d’aria e dai moti browniani prodotti dall’urto delle particelle gassose contro quelle aerosoliche. Poiché questa nube aerosolica persiste e si alimenta continuativamente in ambienti dove pazienti e procedure si susseguono e si sovrappongono nell’arco di una giornata, è fondamentale da parte degli operatori l’utilizzo di dispositivi di protezione individuale, fra i quali appare preminente la scelta di una mascherina appropriata. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è di chiarire la terminologia,i criteri di costruzione di una mascherina, di illustrare le differenze tra mascherine e respiratori orali e di fornire un supporto pratico per la protezione propria e dei pazienti, scegliendo il dispositivo adatto a ogni situazione clinica. MATERIALI E METODI. In questo lavoro è stata condotta una revisione della letteratura nazionale e internazionale sull’argomento, sono stati raccolti i dati scientifici pubblicati dall’introduzione delle mascherine fino a oggi e vengono descritte le caratteristiche, le differenze e le indicazioni cliniche all’uso di mascherine e respiratori orali nel contesto odontoiatrico. CONCLUSIONI. La mascherina chirurgica e il respiratore sono presidi individuali che soddisfano standard specifici e il cui utilizzo va sempre abbinato ad altri DPI quali schermi e occhiali protettivi, copricapo, guanti, camici monouso e naturalmente a un’attenta igiene personale. Va sempre sottolineata l’importanza di esaminare la scheda tecnica riferita ai dispositivi utilizzati, al fine di controllare la necessaria stretta aderenza ai protocolli di riferimento. Ad oggi vi sono ancora pareri discordanti su quale possa essere l’indicazione corretta sulla tipologia di respiratore da utilizzare per prevenire il contagio da Sars-CoV-2. I respiratori senza filtro-valvola sembrano i dispositivi in grado di fornire la protezione più alta a operatore e paziente, ma proprio per la loro alta capaci-tà di filtraggio rendono difficile la respirazione se portati per lungo tempo continuativamente. Per migliorare la capacità respiratoria e quindi per ricercare un maggior comfort è ipotizzabile l’utilizzo di un respiratore ad alto filtraggio con valvola di esalazione, in associazione a una mascherina chirurgica da applicarvi sopra. Le mascherine chirurgiche rimangono comunque dei validi presidi per tutte quelle prestazioni che non comportano creazione di aerosol altamente infetti e conseguente dispersione di particelle potenzialmente contaminate nell’aria. Infine, per limitare il più possibile la diffusione del Covid-19, chiunque dovrebbe indossare una mascherina chirurgica, in modo tale che un soggetto infetto non possa contaminare l’ambiente circostante e le persone vicine. SIGNIFICATO CLINICO. Questo contributo mette in evidenza le caratteristiche di mascherine chirurgiche e respiratori orali, fornendo indicazioni pratiche sui dispositivi più idonei alla protezione da infezione da Covid-19.OBJECTIVES. Many dental procedures are responsible for the creation of an aerosol capable of transporting bacteria, virus and infected particles into the surrounding environment. The use of handpieces and/or ultrasonic devices creates an aerosol of particles with different diameters that present a severe risk for nasal and tracheobronchial cavities. This deposition of particles occurs on different levels, depending on their dimensions: particles with larger diameter stops in the nasal cavities, while the smaller ones end up in lung alveoli. These aerosol particles have their own movement, partly caused by the displacement of air masses and by the Brownian motions produced by the impact of the gaseous particles against the aerosol ones. Since these droplets are able to persist continuously for long time in environments where patients and procedures follow and overlap over the course of a day, it is essential for dental clinicians to adopt personal protective equipment, among which the choice of an appropriate mask. The aim of this literature overview is to clarify the terminology, the criteria for the construction of a mask, to illustrate the differences between masks and oral respirators. and to provide practical support for personal and patient protection, choosing the device suitable for each clinical situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This work is a literature review of the national and international literature on this topic: the scientific data published since mask introduction to date have been collected, and the characteristics, differences and clinical indications for the use of masks and oral respirators in dentistry have been analyzed. CONCLUSIONS. The surgical mask and the respirator are individual devices that meet specific standards and whose use must always be combined with other PPE such as screens and protective glasses, headgear, gloves, disposable gowns and of course a careful personal hygiene. The importance of examining the technical data sheet referring to the devices used, in order to check the necessary strict adherence to the reference protocols, must always be underlined. To date there are still conflicting opinions on what the correct indication may be on the type of respirator to be used to prevent contagion from Sars-CoV-2. Respirators without a filter-valve seem to be the devices capable of providing the highest protection to the operator and patient but, precisely because of their high filtering capacity, they make breathing difficult if worn for a long time continuously. To improve respiratory capacity and therefore to seek greater comfort, the use of a high filter respirator with exhalation valve, in association with a surgical mask to be applied on it, is conceivable. However, surgical masks remain valid devices for all those services that do not involve the creation of highly infected aerosols and the consequent dispersion of potentially contaminated particles in the air. Finally, to limit the spread of Covid-19 as much as possible, anyone should wear a surgical mask, so that an infected person cannot contaminate the surrounding environment and people nearby. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. This work highlights the characteristics of surgical masks and oral respirators, providing practical indications on the most suitable devices for protection from Covid-19 infection

A brief review on micro-implants and their use in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics

The aim of this study was to review the literature and evaluate the failure rates and factors that affect the stability and success of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used as orthodontic anchorage. Data was collected from electronic databases: MEDLINE database and Google Scholar. Four combinations of term were used as keywords: \u201cmicro-implant\u201d, \u201cmini-implant\u201d, \u201cmini-screw\u201d, and \u201corthodontics\u201d. The following selection criteria were used to select appropriate articles: articles on implants and screws used as orthodontic anchorage, published in English, with both prospective and retrospective clinical and experimental investigations. The search provided 209 abstracts about TADs used as anchorage. After reading and applying the selection criteria, 66 articles were included in the study. The data obtained were divided into two topics: which factors affected TAD success rate and to what degree and in how many articles they were quoted. Clinical factors were divided into three main groups: patient-related, implant related, and management-related factors. Although all articles included in this meta-analysis reported success rates of greater than 80 percent, the factors determining success rates were inconsistent between the studies analyzed and this made conclusions difficult

Recognition and treatment of peri-implant mucositis: Do we have the right perception? A structured review

Peri-implant mucositis is a common inflammatory lesion of the soft tissues surrounding endosseous implants, with no loss of the supporting bone. Its prevention or early diagnosis are vital for dental implant success.The aim of this review was to investigate knowledge strengths and gaps in clinicians' perceptions of periimplant mucositis prevalence and evidence for successful treatment.A literature search for articles published until 2020, reporting on the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and its treatment was performed in standard online databases. The inclusion criteria were as follows: studies in English; studies with an available abstract; studies on humans with at least 1 dental implant; and studies reporting on the prevalence and/or treatment of peri-implant mucositis. Sixty-five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The included papers were analyzed to identify data on the prevalence and treatment of peri-implant mucositis. The prevalence statistics for peri-implant mucositis had wide ranges in both the patient-based (PB) analysis and the implant-based (IB) analysis; the possible reasons for these wide ranges are discussed. Treatment methods for peri-implant mucositis were analyzed individually and compared to the management of gingivitis.It was determined that the currently available information on the prevalence rates and the standardized therapeutic protocols for peri-implant mucositis are insufficient. Since the mean gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis prevalence rates in the PB analysis were similar, it is possible that peri-implant mucositis is underestimated due to variables related to implant rehabilitation itself

Clinical Classification of Bone Augmentation Procedure Failures in the Atrophic Anterior Maxillae: Esthetic Consequences and Treatment Options

Although the number of complications and failures in bone augmentation procedures is still relatively high, these problems remain poorly documented. Moreover, the literature concerning reconstructive techniques and the treatment of their complications in the anterior areas rarely considers the final esthetic result. The aim of this paper is to propose a new classification of bone augmentation complications in the esthetic area, providing treatment guidelines useful for the management of these cases. Failures of bony regeneration procedures can be mainly divided into partial failures and complete failures. A partial failure can be solved with a corrective surgical intervention: this second surgery can have success or may not be able to provide the desired esthetic result. When the bone reconstructive procedure fails totally, a complete failure occurs and the whole procedure has to be repeated. This new intervention can have success but also this new reconstructive surgery can fail in the same way as the first, causing important damage and a compromise solution that will hardly be acceptable from an esthetic point of view. Bone augmentation techniques are not completely predictable and are not always able to guarantee the expected result, especially in the atrophic anterior maxilla. Complications and failures can often occur and this possibility must always be clearly explained to those patients with high esthetic demands and expectations

Assessment of colour modifications in two different composite resins induced by the influence of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and gels, with and without anti-staining properties: An in vitro study

Objectives: Chlorhexidine (CHX)-based products are the most effective chemical agents used in plaque control and oral disinfection. One of their side effects is tooth and restoration staining. For this reason, CHX products with anti-discolouration systems (ADS) have been developed. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare different CHX-based products (gel and mouthwash) with or without ADS in composite colour modification.Methods: Two hundred specimens were created, 100 of which were made of packable composite and 100 of flowable composite. After 24 h, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*, C*, h degrees) were recorded using a spectrophotometer (T0). Then, all samples were subjected to a CHX/tea staining model and immersed in human saliva for 2 min. Composite specimens were divided in 10 groups (N = 20). Control groups (PC, FC) were soaked in distilled water and test groups (PG, PGads, FG, FGads, PM, PMads, FM and FMads) were immersed in CHX-based solutions or brushed with CHX gel. Then the cycle was repeated 6 times, and colour differences (Delta E-ab and Delta E-00) were finally calculated.Results: Through flowable composites, FC and FG showed the highest colour differences, respectively Delta E-ab = 3.48 +/- 1.0, Delta E-00 = 2.24 +/- 0.6 and Delta E-ab = 2.95 +/- 1.3, Delta E-00 = 1.53 +/- 0.6. In the composite groups instead, PM and PMads showed the highest colour differences, respectively Delta Eab = 2.78 +/- 1.3,Delta E00 = 1.94 +/- 0.8 and Delta E-ab = 2.71 +/- 1.4, Delta E-00 = 1.84 +/- 0.9.Conclusions: CHX-containing products are able to cause stains on restorative composite materials. Discolouration is more likely to occur in flowable composites than packable composites, and ADS-containing products cause fewer pigmentations than CHX products without ADS. Packable composites showed more staining after mouthwash treatment, whereas flowable composites underwent higher discolouration after treatment with gels

Death rates from malaria epidemics, Burundi and Ethiopia.

Death rates exceeded emergency thresholds at 4 sites during epidemics of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burundi (2000-2001) and in Ethiopia (2003-2004). Deaths likely from malaria ranged from 1,000 to 8,900, depending on site, and accounted for 52% to 78% of total deaths. Earlier detection of malaria and better case management are needed