From brew to table: unleashing the potential of spent grains protein

United Nations and Upcycled Food Association have suggested the possible use of food processing residues and waste materials to improve food quality as well as overcome hunger and malnutrition. Brewer's spent grains (BSG) account 85% of brewery waste having high nutritive value. Spent grains are initially exploited for animal feed only and restricted to the local area due to high moisture content that leads to spoilage. Spent grains are rich in fibre and proteins and were explored for the preparation of cookies, bread, pasta, and noodles which showed higher nutritive value and health benefits in comparison to conventional materials. The bioactive compounds in spent grains also provide additional advantages and can be used in drug formulation for commercial products. However, it needs in-depth research and technical support that aid in contributing to the circular economy

First aid knowledge among health assigned teachers of primary schools

Background: Every parents of a child knows that it is hard enough to keep their child safe at home but when child goes off to school there is a whole new set up of challenges. Parents totally entrust their children to the schools. They rely on the teachers as their second parents in the institute for learning. They know for a fact that their educators will want no harm to come their way. While they are busy working, they fully believe that their children are well cared for. On the other hand, the teachers have the responsibility to keep an eye on their students. They should make sure that they are comfortable and secured within the four walls of their school. This then calls for their ability to handle even the most stressful situations. So much more, the school staff, especially the health teacher has to be equipped with the knowledge of first aid.Methods: Non-experimental survey study was conducted to assess the knowledge of first-aid among Health assigned teacher working in selected schools of Dehradun city. Using purposive sampling technique 40 samples of different schools of Dehradun city was adopted to select the area.Results: Result shows that the majority of health assign teachers were having average knowledge about first aid i.e. 29 (72.5%) and 10 (25%) were having good knowledge and 1 (2.5%) was having poor knowledge regarding first aid. Majority of participant were female 21 (52.5%). The educational status of most participants was post graduate (67.5%). Majority of the schools were private 25 (62.5%). There is no significant association between socio-demographic variables i.e. Gender, level of schools, year of experience as a health assigned teacher and education provided by teacher, but qualifications of teachers and type of schools was found to have a significant association.(p> 0.05).Conclusions: First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care it is provided to preserve life and to prevent the condition from worsening, and for promoting recovery. It is important that health assigned teachers are equipped with strong, professional competencies. In order for health promotion actions to be sustainable in schools, teachers must be capable, competent and skilled health educators. As they are at prime position to contribute to a nations health gain through the provision of health education for future adults. Based on findings we can say that the health assigned teachers are having average knowledge regarding first aid. Therefore, the health assigned teachers must be equipped with appropriate and upgraded knowledge

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Gasification studies of high ash Indian coals using Aspen plus simulation

A simulation model of high ash Indian coal based Fluidized Bed Gasifier has been developed using Aspen Plus simulation software and the predicted results were validated against the experimental data available in literature for three different types of coals having different ash content which was as high as 48.9%. The hydrodynamic parameters as well as reaction kinetics were both adapted from standard literature data. To complete the gasification modeling, various unit operation blocks available in Aspen Plus was used. The three different coal samples which consisted of different proximate and ultimate analysis values was used for the simulation. Parameters such as steam to coal ratio and temperature were varied while the coal feed rate and air to coal (A/C) ratio were kept constant throughout the simulation process as per the standard literature data. The model predicted very well in determining the final synthesis gas compositions. The simulation experiment also yielded various more critical information which otherwise was not found in the followed literature. The simulation shows that the production of H2 increases with higher steam to coal ratio but follows a decreasing trend after a certain temperature while the amount of CO and CH4 was found to increase with temperature but follows a slight average decreasing trend on increasing the steam to coal ratio. The amount of CO2 formed was found to have increased in the temperature range of 750–950°C which further decreased with the increasing temperature. The carbon conversion efficiency was also found to have increased with increasing temperature as well as steam to coal ratio

CFD modeling of a typical fluidized bed column

The hydrodynamic behavior of a 2-D gas–solid fluidized bed has been studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package ANSYS Fluent. The modeling results were validated using the experimental data carried out in a lab-scale perspex column based fluidized bed having a diameter of 0.1 m and height of 0.62 m. The modeling studies showed a very good resemblance with the experimental observations. Studies were carried out by using 0.0003 m biomass fine powder having a density of around 1242 kg/m3 at different inlet gas velocities. Eulerian-Eulerian model approach along with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used for simulating the gas–solid fluidization behavior. In the present work, the effects of inlet gas velocity, pressure drop and bed expansion ratio was studied. The minimum fluidization velocity condition was predicted by using the simulated contour plot of the computational software. The momentum exchange coefficients were calculated using Syamlal-O’Brien functions. The comparison study showed that the CFD simulation of a gas–solid fluidized bed can be used effectively for the designing and operation of a lab-scale fluidized bed column. Moreover the simulation studies would also help in the scaling up of the fluidized bed further for industrial usage

Magnetospherically reflected (MR) whistlers observed in DEMETER satellite and on the ground observation of normal whistlers at low latitudes

97-104The DEMETER (Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite data have been analysed for a period of three and half months from 01 September to 16 December 2010 in search of whistlers and VLF emissions and their ground observations at low latitudes. The quick look data show intense sporadic bursts mostly in the Instrument Champ Electrique (ICE) channel of the satellite. These bursts are analysed using MATLAB software for the nighttime passes of upgoing orbits in the latitude range 20°-50°. The analysis shows records of large number of first component of magnetospherically reflected (MR) whistlers, mostly when the satellite is in low latitude ionosphere. These whistlers, together with normal whistlers observed in the satellite, are not observed on the ground as revealed by simultaneous ground observations at low latitude station Agra. This confirms them to be non-ducted whistlers which are reflected and observed in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. These MR whistlers are suggested to be the major source of slot formation between the two radiation belts