Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Dental Materials - historical

Asgar, Kamal, "Y Spruing": A techniqueshowing how to make and attach the y"" shaped"" sprue. (11:31) Orig. air date: OCT 30 72Snyder, Daniel T., "Mixing of Rubber Base Impression Material": Dispensing of mercaptan rubber impression materials; light-bodied, heavy-bodied mixing procedures, loading of both mixtures into syringes and trays. (5:45) Orig. air date: SEP 11 80Asgar, Kamal, "Hand Investing Technique": A technic showing how to invest wax patterns using the hand technic. (11:01) Orig. air date: OCT 27 71Asgar, Kamal, "Casting Problems in Fabrication of Gold Pontics": Review of spruing and investing is presented. Discussion of the use of hydroscopic and thermal expanding investment techniques for properly fitting gold MOD inlays and crowns. (16:56) Orig. air date: SEP 28 71Cartwright, [], "Ceramics": Fabrication of platinum matrix for PJC construction. (16:22) Orig. air date: SEP 28 71Craig, Robert, "Manipulation of Dental Model Plaster": Proportioning, mixing, consistency, and properties of plaster improved stone. Intended for preclinical dental and dental hygiene students. (13:08) Orig. air date: MAY 31 72Schield, Harvey, "Investing & Soldering Gold Castings (Edited)": This edited version of the original tape produced in 1974, covers investing and soldering gold castings. (12:38) Orig. air date: NOV 10 81Craig, Robert, "Manipulation and Properties of Alginate Impression Material": Proportioning, mixing and properties (permanent deformation viscoelastic) of alginate impression material. (11:44) Orig. air date: MAY 31 72Lorey, Robert E., "Porcelain Fused to Gold Bond Strength": Four tests are presented to demonstrate the strength of the bond of porcelain fused to gold. (8:34) Orig. air date: DEC 23 74Dennison, Joseph, "Interim Dressing Ward's Tempak": This tape describes the mixing procedures and material for a low strength zinc-oxide Eugenol temporary dressing. (5:52) Orig. air date: DEC 19 72Powers, John, "Application of Waxes": A descriptive discussion of physical properties and dental applications of pattern, processing and impression waxes is presented. (15:00) Orig. air date: DEC 19 72Charbeneau, Gerald T., "Cavity Varnish (Copalite) & Cement Base (Zinc Phosphate)": The uses of cavity varnish and zinc phosphate cement are discussed and demonstrated. (6:55) Orig. air date: JAN 9 74Craig, Robert, "Polycarboxylate Cement (Durelon)": Dispensing and mixing of polycarboxylate cement. (5:13) Orig. air date: DEC 4 73Powers, John, "Silicone Impression Materials": (5:36) Orig. air date: JAN 1 72Powers, John, "Model Plaster - Vacuum Spatulation (Kerr Snow White #1)": The mixing of model plaster is demonstrated with the use of a power spatulator with vacuum attachment. Vibration of plaster into a base former also is demonstrated. (6:59) Orig. air date: DEC 4 72Powers, John, "Composite Restorative Materials": (6:29) Orig. air date: Dec 4 72Charlick, Richard; Craig, Robert, "Alginate Impression Materials and Hand Spatulation": A demonstration to assist hygienists in the taking of an alginate impression and the pouring of study models. (36:41) Orig. air date: DEC 4 72Chasteen, Joseph, "Preparation of Fynal Cement": This demonstrates the mixing of Tynal, a zinc oxide eugenol cement used for cementation of inlays, crowns, and bridges. (3:02) Orig. air date: DEC 18 75Chasteen, Joseph, "Preparation of Zinc Phosphate": Demonstates the mixing of the primary and secondary consistencies of zinc phosphate. The clean-up process is also discussed. (9:08) Orig. air date: JAN 27 76Lorey, Robert E., "Bond Strength Test": Tape depicts methods of determining bond strength of porcelain fused to metal crown. (3:39) Orig. air date: MAR 21 79Dennison, Joseph, "Introduction to Amalgams": Introduction to various pieces of equipment needed to prepare, place, carve, and finish the amalgam. Shows the actual mixing, placement, carving, and finishing on model. (26:43) Orig. air date: JUN 7 77Dennison, Joseph, "Introduction to Amalgam - Capmaster Tytin": Discusses use of the Capmaster Amalgamator, properties of a mixed amalgam, the amalgam working instruments and their use in condensing, carving, and finishing the amalgam. (23:27) Orig. air date: JAN 23 78http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/2/104-2.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/3/106-3.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/4/122-2HandInvesting.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/5/122-3Castings.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/6/131-1Ceramics.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/7/133-3ModelPlaster.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/8/135-2GoldCastings.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/9/140-3AlginateImpressions.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/10/157-2BondStrength.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/11/235-1InterimDressing.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/12/235-3Waxing.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/13/236-3CavityVarnish.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/14/239-1PolycarboxylateCement.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/15/239-2SiliconeImpressions.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/16/239-3Models.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/17/243-1CompositeMaterials.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/18/243-2AlginateImpressions.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/19/264-4Cements.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/20/264-5Cements.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/21/340-3BondStrength.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/22/AmalgamIntro444-3.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64989/23/CapmasterTytin434-1.mo

Administration - historical

Strachan, Charles, "What is Dental Hygiene": A discussion of the many aspects of a Dental Hygiene career. (10:45) Orig. air date: MAR 29 77Hayward, James R., "Management of Airway Problems": Review various causes of airway obstruction and remedies that can be used to alleviate the airway problem such as intubation, cricothyroidotomy, and the tracheotomy. (31:00) Orig. air date: JAN 4 74Chasteen, Joseph; Graesslie, [], "Conservation of Time and Motion": Demonstrates the different classes of movements used by a dentist and shows how to conserve movement with a chairside assistant. (2:58) Orig. air date: DEC 2 75Kelsey, Charles; Eddlemon, Charles, "Dental Education - 100 Years at The University of Michigan": This presentation traces the history of the University of Michigan School of Dentistry from its beginning in 1875 to the present. (28:38) Orig. air date: JUL 3 75Branch, [], "Table Clinics Promotion": A promotional videotape used to interest students into participation in the table clinic program. (3:16) Orig. air date: JAN 30 74McNamara, David, "Applied Neurophysiology": Movements of muscles (temporal, masseter, and digastric)and tooth contact are demonstrated by use of an oscilloscope tracing.Flouroscope of the patient shows the TMJ in motion. (10:00) Orig. air date: APR 8 74Strachan, Charles, "Profiles (Parents' Day)": A video vignette of the School of Dentistry for parents day 1982 (10:57) Orig. air date: SEP 1 82Lorey, Robert E., "Demonstration Of Intraoral Photographic Techniques": Dr. Lorey explains how to photograph the different areas of the mouth, showing the equipment used (mouth mirrors, cheek retractors, etc.) and methods used to photograph the area. (15:38) Orig. air date: APR 25 78Bush, James B., "Four-Handed Dentistry in an Amalgam Placement": The purpose of this tape is to show the role of the Dental Assistant in an amalgam procedure. (16:52) Orig. air date: DEC 10 75Roberts, Karen, "Preset Trays": This tape discusses the use of preset instrument trays in the Dental practice. It also shows the use of the tray map in setting up the trays in the sterilization area. (11:46) Orig. air date: DEC 20 78http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/2/188-2DentalHygiene.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/3/254-2AirwayProblems.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/4/264-1Efficiency.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/5/318-1OneHundredYrs.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/6/343-1TableClinics.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/7/349-2Neurophysiology.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/8/358-2Profiles.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/9/368-2IntraoralPhotography.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/10/407-3FourHands.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64982/11/412-1PresetTrays.mo

The sequence and analysis of duplication rich human chromosome 16

We report here the 78,884,754 base pairs of finished human chromosome 16 sequence, representing over 99.9 percent of its euchromatin. Manual annotation revealed 880 protein coding genes confirmed by 1,637 aligned transcripts, 19 tRNA genes, 341 pseudogenes and 3 RNA pseudogenes. These genes include metallothionein, cadherin and iroquois gene families, as well as the disease genes for polycystic kidney disease and acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Several large-scale structural polymorphisms spanning hundreds of kilobasepairs were identified and result in gene content differences across humans. One of the unique features of chromosome 16 is its high level of segmental duplication, ranked among the highest of the human autosomes. While the segmental duplications are enriched in the relatively gene poor pericentromere of the p-arm, some are involved in recent gene duplication and conversion events which are likely to have had an impact on the evolution of primates and human disease susceptibility

The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16

Human chromosome 16 features one of the highest levels of segmentally duplicated sequence among the human autosomes. We report here the 78,884,754 base pairs of finished chromosome 16 sequence, representing over 99.9% of its euchromatin. Manual annotation revealed 880 protein-coding genes confirmed by 1,670 aligned transcripts, 19 transfer RNA genes, 341 pseudogenes and three RNA pseudogenes. These genes include metallothionein, cadherin and iroquois gene families, as well as the disease genes for polycystic kidney disease and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Several large-scale structural polymorphisms spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs were identified and result in gene content differences among humans. Whereas the segmental duplications of chromosome 16 are enriched in the relatively gene-poor pericentromere of the p arm, some are involved in recent gene duplication and conversion events that are likely to have had an impact on the evolution of primates and human disease susceptibility.Joel Martin, Cliff Han, Laurie A. Gordon, Astrid Terry, Shyam Prabhakar, Xinwei She, Gary Xie, Uffe Hellsten, Yee Man Chan, Michael Altherr, Olivier Couronne, Andrea Aerts, Eva Bajorek, Stacey Black, Heather Blumer, Elbert Branscomb, Nancy C. Brown, William J. Bruno, Judith M. Buckingham, David F. Callen, Connie S. Campbell, Mary L. Campbell, Evelyn W. Campbell, Chenier Caoile, Jean F. Challacombe, Leslie A. Chasteen, Olga Chertkov, Han C. Chi, Mari Christensen, Lynn M. Clark, Judith D. Cohn, Mirian Denys, John C. Detter, Mark Dickson, Mira Dimitrijevic-Bussod, Julio Escobar, Joseph J. Fawcett, Dave Flowers, Dea Fotopulos, Tijana Glavina, Maria Gomez, Eidelyn Gonzales, David Goodstein, Lynne A. Goodwin, Deborah L. Grady, Igor Grigoriev, Matthew Groza, Nancy Hammon, Trevor Hawkins, Lauren Haydu, Carl E. Hildebrand, Wayne Huang, Sanjay Israni, Jamie Jett, Phillip B. Jewett, Kristen Kadner, Heather Kimball, Arthur Kobayashi, Marie-Claude Krawczyk, Tina Leyba, Jonathan L. Longmire, Frederick Lopez, Yunian Lou, Steve Lowry, Thom Ludeman, Chitra F. Manohar, Graham A. Mark, Kimberly L. McMurray, Linda J. Meincke, Jenna Morgan, Robert K. Moyzis, Mark O. Mundt, A. Christine Munk, Richard D. Nandkeshwar, Sam Pitluck, Martin Pollard Paul Predki, Beverly Parson-Quintana, Lucia Ramirez, Sam Rash, James Retterer, Darryl O. Ricke, Donna L. Robinson, Alex Rodriguez, Asaf Salamov, Elizabeth H. Saunders, Duncan Scott, Timothy Shough, Raymond L. Stallings, Malinda Stalvey, Robert D. Sutherland, Roxanne Tapia, Judith G. Tesmer, Nina Thayer, Linda S. Thompson, Hope Tice, David C. Torney, Mary Tran-Gyamfi, Ming Tsai, Levy E. Ulanovsky, Anna Ustaszewska, Nu Vo, P. Scott White, Albert L. Williams, Patricia L. Wills, Jung-Rung Wu, Kevin Wu, Joan Yang, Pieter DeJong, David Bruce, Norman A. Doggett, Larry Deaven, Jeremy Schmutz, Jane Grimwood, Paul Richardson, Daniel S. Rokhsar, Evan E. Eichler, Paul Gilna, Susan M. Lucas, Richard M. Myers, Edward M. Rubin and Len A. Pennacchi