36,569 research outputs found
High-strength rivet does not require aging
Aluminum rivet is simpler to handle. It does not need aging and provides better high-temperature and shear properties than conventional rivets. Tests at upset height of up to 1.7 diameters have shown rivets to have exceptionally good crack resistance
Floating nut retention system
A floating nut retention system includes a nut with a central aperture. An inner retainer plate has an opening which is fixedly aligned with the nut aperture. An outer retainer member is formed of a base plate having an opening and a surface adjacent to a surface of the inner retainer plate. The outer retainer member includes a securing mechanism for retaining the inner retainer plate adjacent to the outer retainer member. The securing mechanism enables the inner retainer plate to float with respect to the outer retainer number, while simultaneously forming a bearing surface for inner retainer plate
Contracting for Impure Public Goods: Carbon Offsets and Additionality
Governments contracting with private agents for the provision of an impure public good must contend with agents who would potentially supply the good absent any payments. This additionality problem is centrally important in the use of carbon offsets as part of climate change mitigation. Analyzing optimal contracts for forest carbon sequestration, an important offset category, we conduct a national-scale simulation using results from an econometric model of land-use change. The results indicate that for an increase in forest area of 50 million acres, annual government expenditures with optimal contracts are about $4 billion lower compared than under a uniform subsidy.Carbon Sequestration, Incentive Contracting, Offsets, Additionality
On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
In this paper we investigate the level of star formation activity within
nearby molecular clouds. We employ a uniform set of infrared extinction maps to
provide accurate assessments of cloud mass and structure and compare these with
inventories of young stellar objects within the clouds. We present evidence
indicating that both the yield and rate of star formation can vary considerably
in local clouds, independent of their mass and size. We find that the surface
density structure of such clouds appears to be important in controlling both
these factors. In particular, we find that the star formation rate (SFR) in
molecular clouds is linearly proportional to the cloud mass (M_{0.8}) above an
extinction threshold of A_K approximately equal to 0.8 magnitudes,
corresponding to a gas surface density threshold of approximaely 116 solar
masses per square pc. We argue that this surface density threshold corresponds
to a gas volume density threshold which we estimate to be n(H_2) approximately
equal to 10^4\cc. Specifically we find SFR (solar masses per yr) = 4.6 +/- 2.6
x 10^{-8} M_{0.8} (solar masses) for the clouds in our sample. This relation
between the rate of star formation and the amount of dense gas in molecular
clouds appears to be in excellent agreement with previous observations of both
galactic and extragalactic star forming activity. It is likely the underlying
physical relationship or empirical law that most directly connects star
formation activity with interstellar gas over many spatial scales within and
between individual galaxies. These results suggest that the key to obtaining a
predictive understanding of the star formation rates in molecular clouds and
galaxies is to understand those physical factors which give rise to the dense
components of these clouds.Comment: accepted for publicaton in the Astrophysical Journal; 22 pages, 4
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Application of formal optimization techniques in thermal/structural design of a heat-pipe-cooled panel for a hypersonic vehicle
Nonlinear mathematical programming methods are used to design a radiantly cooled and heat-pipe-cooled panel for a Mach 6.7 transport. The cooled portion of the panel is a hybrid heat-pipe/actively cooled design which uses heat pipes to transport the absorbed heat to the ends of the panel where it is removed by active cooling. The panels are optimized for minimum mass and to satisfy a set of heat-pipe, structural, geometric, and minimum-gage constraints. Two panel concepts are investigated: cylindrical heat pipes embedded in a honeycomb core and an integrated design which uses a web-core heat-pipe sandwich concept. The latter was lighter and resulted in a design which was less than 10 percent heavier than an all actively cooled concept. The heat-pipe concept, however, is redundant and can sustain a single-point failure, whereas the actively cooled concept cannot. An additional study was performed to determine the optimum number of coolant manifolds per panel for a minimum-mass design
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