L’implication (ou l’engagement ?) au travail : quoi de neuf ?

Cette contribution théorique examine la rupture progressive de la conceptualisation en trois composantes de l’implication au travail élaborée par Meyer et Allen [1991]. La proposition de Klein, Molloy et Brinsfield en 2012, précédée par celles de Cohen [2007] et de Solinger, Van Olffen et Roe [2008] offre un panaroma des réflexions conceptuelles novatrices de l’implication et de sa mesure. Nous rappelons les travaux fondateurs de Mowday, Porter et Steers [1982] et de Morrow [1983, 1993] pour mieux comprendre les critiques récurrentes portées au modèle de Meyer et Allen et l’apport de l’article de Klein et al. qui remet en question la définition de l’implication en présentant un continuum de liens psychologiques. Ces différents types de liens sont considérés comme des construits distincts et non comme différentes formes d’implication. L’implication au travail est ainsi définie comme un type particulier de lien, applicable à plusieurs cibles, et reflétant le dévouement volontaire et la responsabilité pour une cible. Cette nouvelle conceptualisation facilite l’étude de l’implication multiple mais ne dit rien des profils de salariés caractérisés par des liens multiples à l’égard d’une même cible ou de cibles différentes. Les conséquences des évolutions progressives et de cette récente proposition sur la terminologie utilisée dans la recherche francophone sont également discutées

Les déterminants psychologiques de la performance au travail. Un bilan des connaissances et proposition de voies de recherche

Paradoxalement, le concept de performance individuelle au travail est particulièrement étudié dans les travaux de gestion des ressources humaines, de comportement organisationnel et de psychologie organisationnelle/industrielle, sans pour autant être clairement défini, conceptualisé et sans pour autant produire des résultats empiriques exploitables. Ce paradoxe s'explique probablement par la nature des travaux académiques qui ont été conduits jusqu'à présent sur le concept de performance individuelle au travail. Ils ont très largement porté sur les critères de mesure de la performance et très peu sur le statut conceptuel qui sous-tend le construit (Motowidlo, 2003). Les travaux de recherche se sont focalisés, d'une part, sur les techniques de mesure de la performance individuelle, telles que l'évaluation par les supérieurs, et plus récemment sous forme de 360°, ou encore, en fonction d'indices de productivité, de qualité de service, de délai de production, de livraison, etc., d'autre part, sur les conséquences directes et indirectes de la performance, telles que l'absentéisme, le turnover, les rétributions salariales, les promotions, etc., enfin, sur les déterminants individuels de nature psychologique (motivation, implication, satisfaction, etc.).gestion des ressources humaines;performance au travail;comportement au travail

Warm H2_2 as a probe of massive accretion and feedback through shocks and turbulence across cosmic time

Galaxy formation depends on a complex interplay between gravitational collapse, gas accretion, merging, and feedback processes. Yet, after many decades of investigation, these concepts are poorly understood. This paper presents the argument that warm H$_2$ can be used as a tool to unlock some of these mysteries. Turbulence, shocks and outflows, driven by star formation, AGN activity or inflows, may prevent the rapid buildup of star formation in galaxies. Central to our understanding of how gas is converted into stars is the process by which gas can dissipate its mechanical energy through turbulence and shocks in order to cool. H$_2$ lines provide direct quantitative measurements of kinetic energy dissipation in molecular gas in galaxies throughout the Universe. Based on the detection of very powerful H$_2$ lines from z = 2 galaxies and proto-clusters at the detection limits of {\it Spitzer}, we are confident that future far-IR and UV H$_2$ observations will provide a wealth of new information and insight into galaxy evolution to high-z. Finally, at the very earliest epoch of star and galaxy formation, warm H$_2$ may also provide a unique glimpse of molecular gas collapse at 7 $<$ z $<$ 12 in massive dark matter (DM) halos on their way to forming the very first galaxies. Such measurements are beyond the reach of existing and planned observatories.Comment: Submitted as a science White Paper to the Astronomy and Astrophysics Astro 2020 Decadal Survey call issued by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (March 11 2019

Pulmonary melioidosis in CAMBODIA: a prospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Melioidosis is a disease caused by <it>Burkholderia pseudomallei </it>and considered endemic in South-East Asia but remains poorly documented in Cambodia. We report the first series of hospitalized pulmonary melioidosis cases identified in Cambodia describing clinical characteristics and outcomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We characterized cases of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) that were identified through surveillance in two provincial hospitals. Severity was defined by systolic blood pressure, cardiac frequency, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and body temperature. <it>B. pseudomallei </it>was detected in sputum or blood cultures and confirmed by API20NE gallery. We followed up these cases between 6 months and 2 years after hospital discharge to assess the cost-of-illness and long-term outcome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During April 2007 - January 2010, 39 ALRI cases had melioidosis, of which three aged ≤2 years; the median age was 46 years and 56.4% were males. A close contact with soil and water was identified in 30 patients (76.9%). Pneumonia was the main radiological feature (82.3%). Eleven patients were severe cases. Twenty-four (61.5%) patients died including 13 who died within 61 days after discharge. Of the deceased, 23 did not receive any antibiotics effective against <it>B. pseudomallei</it>. Effective drugs that were available did not include ceftazidime. Mean total illness-related costs was of US$65 (range$25-$5000). Almost two-thirds (61.5%) incurred debt and 28.2% sold land or other belongings to pay illness-related costs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The observed high fatality rate is likely explained by the lack or limited access to efficient antibiotics and under-recognition of the disease among clinicians, which led to inappropriate therapy.</p

Klebsiella pneumoniae related community-acquired acute lower respiratory infections in CAMBODIA: clinical characteristics and treatment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In many Asian countries, <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae </it>(KP) is the second pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia. Yet, very little is known about <it>KP </it>etiology in ALRI in Cambodia, a country that has one of the weakest medical infrastructures in the region. We present here the first clinico-radiological description of <it>KP </it>community-acquired ALRI in hospitalized Cambodian patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Through ALRI surveillance in two provincial hospitals, <it>KP </it>was isolated from sputum and blood cultures, and identified by API20E gallery from patients ≥ 5 years-old with fever and respiratory symptoms onset ≤14 days. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was provided systematically to clinicians when bacteria were isolated. We collected patients' clinical, radiological and microbiological data and their outcome 3 months after discharge. We also compared <it>KP</it>-related with other bacteria-related ALRI to determine risk factors for <it>KP </it>infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From April 2007 to December 2009, 2315 ALRI patients ≥ 5 years-old were enrolled including 587 whose bacterial etiology could be assigned. Of these, 47 (8.0%) had <it>KP </it>infection; their median age was 55 years and 68.1% were females. Reported prior medication was high (42.5%). Patients' chest radiographs showed pneumonia (61.3% including 39% that were necrotizing), preexisting parenchyma lesions (29.5%) and pleural effusions alone (4.5%) and normal parenchyma (4.5%). Five patients had severe conditions on admission and one patient died during hospitalization. Of the 39 patients that were hospital discharged, 14 died including 12 within 1 month after discharge. Only 13 patients (28%) received an appropriate antibiotherapy. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) - producing strains were found in 8 (17.0%) patients. Female gender (Odds ratio (OR) 2.1; <it>p </it>= 0.04) and diabetes mellitus (OR 3.1; <it>p </it>= 0.03) were independent risk factors for <it>KP</it>-related ALRI.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>KP </it>ALRI in Cambodia has high fatality rate, are more frequently found in women, and should be considered in diabetic patients. The extremely high frequency of ESBL-producing strains in the study is alarming in the context of uncontrolled antibiotic consumption and in absence of microbiology capacity in most public-sector hospitals.</p

Genetic indicators of iron limitation in wild populations of \u3cem\u3eThalassiosira oceanica\u3c/em\u3e from the northeast Pacific Ocean

Assessing the iron (Fe) nutritional status of natural diatom populations has proven challenging as physiological and molecular responses can differ in diatoms of the same genus. We evaluated expression of genes encoding flavodoxin (FLDA1) and an Fe-starvation induced protein (ISIP3) as indicators of Fe limitation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica. The specificity of the response to Fe limitation was tested in cultures grown under Fe- and macronutrient-deficient conditions, as well as throughout the diurnal light cycle. Both genes showed a robust and specific response to Fe limitation in laboratory cultures and were detected in small volume samples collected from the northeast Pacific, demonstrating the sensitivity of this method. Overall, FLDA1 and ISIP3 expression was inversely related to Fe concentrations and offered insight into the Fe nutritional health of T. oceanica in the field. As T. oceanica is a species tolerant to low Fe, indications of Fe limitation in T. oceanica populations may serve as a proxy for severe Fe stress in the overall diatom community. At two shallow coastal locations, FLD1A and ISIP3 expression revealed Fe stress in areas where dissolved Fe concentrations were high, demonstrating that this approach may be powerful for identifying regions where Fe supply may not be biologically available

Warm H_2 as a probe of massive accretion and feedback through shocks and turbulence across cosmic time

Galaxy formation depends on a complex interplay between gravitational collapse, gas accretion, merging, and feedback processes. Yet, after many decades of investigation, these concepts are poorly understood. This paper presents the argument that warm H_2 can be used as a tool to unlock some of these mysteries. Turbulence, shocks and outflows, driven by star formation, AGN activity or inflows, may prevent the rapid buildup of star formation in galaxies. Central to our understanding of how gas is converted into stars is the process by which gas can dissipate its mechanical energy through turbulence and shocks in order to cool. H_2 lines provide direct quantitative measurements of kinetic energy dissipation in molecular gas in galaxies throughout the Universe. Based on the detection of very powerful H_2 lines from z = 2 galaxies and proto-clusters at the detection limits of Spitzer, we are confident that future far-IR and UV H_2 observations will provide a wealth of new information and insight into galaxy evolution to high-z. Finally, at the very earliest epoch of star and galaxy formation, warm H_2 may also provide a unique glimpse of molecular gas collapse at 7 < z < 12 in massive dark matter (DM) halos on their way to forming the very first galaxies. Such measurements are beyond the reach of existing and planned observatories