Características morfológicas de la pars de C2 de humanos

OBJETIVO: avaliar a morfometria da pars da segunda vértebra cervical, verificar as variações existentes e predizer sua segurança para a colocação de parafusos por meio de uma abordagem cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras foram obtidas para estudo anatômico (116 pars de C2) e foram medidas a altura e largura da pars, além do comprimento eixo-pedículo, largura e comprimento do pedículo, angulação sagital e medial. Todas as medidas foram separadas quanto aos seus lados direito e esquerdo; foi realizado o cálculo da média, variação, desvio padrão e a médica foi comparada com os estudos prévios. RESULTADOS: a largura média da pars de C2 foi de 9,5 mm; a altura, 9,5 mm; não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito. O comprimento médio do pedículo foi de 10,5 mm; a medida média encontrada para o comprimento eixo-pedículo foi de 24,9 mm; a largura do pedículo foi de 2,8 mm. A angulação sagital encontrada foi de 19,6º e a horizontal foi de 28,5º. CONCLUSÕES: este estudo demonstra a viabilidade para a colocação de parafuso na pars de C2 em uma população caucasiana, destacando-se, porém, a grande variabilidade anatômica encontrada nas referidas medidas.OBJECTIVE: to evaluate de morphometry of the pars of the second cervical vertebra, assess the variations existent and predict its safety for the placement of screws through a posterior cervical approach. METHODS: 58 vertebrae were obtained for anatomic study (116 pars of C2) and measured the height and width of the pars, besides the length of the axis-pedicle, width and length of the pedicle, sagittal and medial angulations. All measurements were separated as to their right and left sides, completed the calculation of media, variation, standard deviation and compared to previous studies. RESULTS: the medium width of the pars of C2 was 9,5 mm, the height, 9,5 mm, without significant difference between right and left sides. The medium length of the pedicle was 10.5 mm and the medium measurement found for the length axis-pedicle was of 24.9 mm and the width of the pedicle was of 2.8 mm. The sagittal angulation found was of 19.6º and the horizontal was of 28.5º. CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates the viability of positioning screws in the pars of C2 in a Caucasian population, emphasizing, however, the great anatomic variability found in the referred measurements.OBJETIVO: evaluar la morfometría de la pars de la segunda vértebra cervical, verificar las variaciones existentes y predecir su seguridad para la colocación de los tornillos por un abordaje cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras fueron obtenidas para el estudio anatómico (116 pars de C2) y fueron medidas su altura y el ancho de las pars, además de la largura eje-pedículo, ancho y largura del pedículo, ángulo sagital y medial. Todas las medidas fueron separadas según sus lados derecho e izquierdo, se realizó el cálculo de la media, variación, desvío estándar y comparados los valores con estudios previos. RESULTADOS: el ancho promedio de la pars de C2 fue de 9.5 mm, la altura de 9.5 mm, sin diferencia significativa entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. La largura promedio del pedículo fue de 10.5 mm y la medida promedio encontrada para la largura eje-pedículo fue de 24.9 mm, además del ancho del pedículo que fue de 2.8 mm. El ángulo sagital encontrado fue de 19.6° y de la horizontal de 28.5°. CONCLUSIÓN: este estudio demuestra la viabilidad para la colocación de tornillos en la pars de C2 en una población caucásica, pero destacándose la gran variabilidad anatómica encontrada en las medidas referentes

Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiological analysis over the number of hospitalizations and deaths in Brazil

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by impaired cognitive function. It results in high morbidity, including a large number of hospitalizations, and mortality, generating high costs to health systems. Objective The present epidemiological analysis evaluated the number of hospitalizations and deaths by AD as the main diagnosis in Brazil between 2010 and 2020. This endeavor should contribute to a better understanding of the disease and its implications. Methods The present analytical, observational, longitudinal, and retrospective study used data extracted from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym). The variables include the number of hospitalizations, the total cost spent, the average cost per hospitalization, the average length of hospital stay, the number of deaths during hospitalization, the mortality rate per hospitalization, sex, age group, region, and race. Results From 2010 to 2020, there were 188,811 deaths and 13,882 hospitalizations for AD, with a total expenditure of BRL 25,953,019.40 in hospitalizations. The average length of hospital stay was 25 days. Over the considered period, mortality, the number of hospitalizations, and the total cost increased while the average length of stay decreased. Conclusion From 2010 to 2020, AD represented a large portion of hospital admissions, generating a significant cost to the health system and a large number of deaths. These data are important to undertake joint efforts to prevent hospitalizations of these patients in order to minimize impacts on the health system

Comparison of complication rates between anterior versus posterior approaches for treating unstable Hangman's fracture. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Study design: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Objective: To compare the complication rates associated with anterior and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of unstable hangman's fractures. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify comparative studies reporting complications of anterior versus posterior approaches for the treatment of unstable hangman's fractures. Results: The search yielded 1163 papers from which 5 studies were fully included. One hundred fifteen (115) patients were operated on using an anterior approach versus 65 through a posterior approach. The average complication rates for the anterior and posterior approaches were 26.1 % and 13.8 %, respectively. No complications following the anterior approach required pharmacological or surgical intervention (Clavien-Dindo, Grade 1), while 88.9 % of complications following the posterior approach did (Clavien-Dindo, Grade 2). Conclusion: No significant differences in the complication rates were found when comparing anterior versus posterior surgery for treating a C2 traumatic spondylolisthesis. However, most of the complications presented in the posterior surgery group were more severe

Características morfológicas da pars de C2 de humanos Características morfológicas de la pars de C2 de humanos Morphologic characteristics of C2 humans pars

OBJETIVO: avaliar a morfometria da pars da segunda vértebra cervical, verificar as variações existentes e predizer sua segurança para a colocação de parafusos por meio de uma abordagem cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras foram obtidas para estudo anatômico (116 pars de C2) e foram medidas a altura e largura da pars, além do comprimento eixo-pedículo, largura e comprimento do pedículo, angulação sagital e medial. Todas as medidas foram separadas quanto aos seus lados direito e esquerdo; foi realizado o cálculo da média, variação, desvio padrão e a médica foi comparada com os estudos prévios. RESULTADOS: a largura média da pars de C2 foi de 9,5 mm; a altura, 9,5 mm; não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito. O comprimento médio do pedículo foi de 10,5 mm; a medida média encontrada para o comprimento eixo-pedículo foi de 24,9 mm; a largura do pedículo foi de 2,8 mm. A angulação sagital encontrada foi de 19,6º e a horizontal foi de 28,5º. CONCLUSÕES: este estudo demonstra a viabilidade para a colocação de parafuso na pars de C2 em uma população caucasiana, destacando-se, porém, a grande variabilidade anatômica encontrada nas referidas medidas.<br>OBJETIVO: evaluar la morfometría de la pars de la segunda vértebra cervical, verificar las variaciones existentes y predecir su seguridad para la colocación de los tornillos por un abordaje cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras fueron obtenidas para el estudio anatómico (116 pars de C2) y fueron medidas su altura y el ancho de las pars, además de la largura eje-pedículo, ancho y largura del pedículo, ángulo sagital y medial. Todas las medidas fueron separadas según sus lados derecho e izquierdo, se realizó el cálculo de la media, variación, desvío estándar y comparados los valores con estudios previos. RESULTADOS: el ancho promedio de la pars de C2 fue de 9.5 mm, la altura de 9.5 mm, sin diferencia significativa entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. La largura promedio del pedículo fue de 10.5 mm y la medida promedio encontrada para la largura eje-pedículo fue de 24.9 mm, además del ancho del pedículo que fue de 2.8 mm. El ángulo sagital encontrado fue de 19.6° y de la horizontal de 28.5°. CONCLUSIÓN: este estudio demuestra la viabilidad para la colocación de tornillos en la pars de C2 en una población caucásica, pero destacándose la gran variabilidad anatómica encontrada en las medidas referentes.<br>OBJECTIVE: to evaluate de morphometry of the pars of the second cervical vertebra, assess the variations existent and predict its safety for the placement of screws through a posterior cervical approach. METHODS: 58 vertebrae were obtained for anatomic study (116 pars of C2) and measured the height and width of the pars, besides the length of the axis-pedicle, width and length of the pedicle, sagittal and medial angulations. All measurements were separated as to their right and left sides, completed the calculation of media, variation, standard deviation and compared to previous studies. RESULTS: the medium width of the pars of C2 was 9,5 mm, the height, 9,5 mm, without significant difference between right and left sides. The medium length of the pedicle was 10.5 mm and the medium measurement found for the length axis-pedicle was of 24.9 mm and the width of the pedicle was of 2.8 mm. The sagittal angulation found was of 19.6º and the horizontal was of 28.5º. CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates the viability of positioning screws in the pars of C2 in a Caucasian population, emphasizing, however, the great anatomic variability found in the referred measurements

Endovascular treatment of a basilar artery dissecting aneurysm Fasciculações benignas responsivas à gabapentina

Fasciculations are symptoms present in a broad spectrum of conditions, ranging from normal manifestations to motor neuron diseases. They also represent the main picture of benign fasciculation syndrome. We report a case of such syndrome: a 48-years-old woman complaining about fasciculations for three decades who remained with the symptoms even after the compensation of a disclosed hyperthyroidism. The introduction of gabapentin rendered control of her fasciculations. The available data in the literature about the therapeutic approaches for fasciculations are revised, as long as the rare reports of evolution from patients with "benign" fasciculations to cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, underlining the importance of following the patients with fasciculations.Fasciculações são sintomas presentes em um amplo espectro de condições, desde manifestações normais até doenças do neurônio motor. Elas representam também o principal aspecto da síndrome de fasciculações benignas. Relatamos um caso desta síndrome: uma paciente de 48 anos com queixas de fasciculações por três décadas que, mesmo após a compensação de um quadro de hipertireoidismo, permaneceu com os sintomas. A introdução de gabapentina levou a controle das fasciculações. Os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre as abordagens terapêuticas para fasciculações são revisados, assim como os raros relatos de evolução de pacientes com fasciculações "benignas" para casos de esclerose lateral amiotrófica, salientando a importância do seguimento dos pacientes com fasciculações

Time to surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: How long does it take? A multicenter study

Study design: Retrospective review of multicentric data. Objectives: To estimate the time from initial visit to surgery in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and the main reasons for the time to surgery in a multicenter study. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 509 patients with AIS from 16 hospitals across six Latin American countries. From each hospital's deformity registry, the following patient data were extracted: demographics, main curve Cobb angle, Lenke Classification at the initial visit and time of surgery, time from indication-for-surgery to surgery, curve progression, Risser skeletal-maturity score and causes for surgical cancelation or delay. Surgeons were asked if they needed to change the original surgical plan due to curve progression. Data also were collected on each hospital's waiting list numbers and mean delay to AIS surgery. Results: 66.8% of the patients waited over six months and 33.9% over a year. Waiting time was not impacted by the patient's age when surgery first became indicated (p = 0.22) but waiting time did differ between countries (p < 0.001) and hospitals (p < 0.001). Longer time to surgery was significantly associated with increasing magnitude of the Cobb angle through the second year of waiting (p < 0.001). Reported causes for delay were hospital-related (48.4%), economic (47.3%), and logistic (4.2%). Oddly, waiting time for surgery did not correlate with the hospital's reported waiting-list lengths (p = 0.57) Conclusion: Prolonged waits for AIS surgery are common in Latin America, with rare exceptions. At most centers, patients wait over six months, most commonly for economic and hospital-related reasons. Whether this directly impacts surgical outcomes in Latin America still must be studied

Metastatic prolactinoma: case report with immunohistochemical assessment for p53 and Ki-67 antigens Prolactinoma metastático: relato de caso com avaliação imuno-histoquímica para os antígenos p53 e Ki-67

Pituitary carcinomas are rare neoplasms characterized by craniospinal and/or systemic metastases originated from the pituitary. Their histopathology is frequently indistinguishable from that of benign adenomas. The development of markers that better reflect their behavior is desirable. We present the case of a 47 year-old man with a prolactin-secreting macroadenoma who was submitted to surgeries, cranial radiation therapy, and bromocriptine treatment, but evolved to a fatal outcome after the disclosure of intracranial metastases. Tumor samples underwent p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical assessment. p53 was absent in all samples, a rare finding among pituitary carcinomas. Ki-67 proliferative index was 2.80% in the original tumor, 4.40% in the relapse, and 4.45% in the metastasis. The figure in the relapse is higher than the expected for a noninvasive adenoma. In conclusion, p53 staining is not positive in all pituitary carcinomas. A high Ki-67 proliferative index in a pituitary adenoma might indicate a more aggressive behavior.<br>Carcinomas pituitários são neoplasias raras caracterizadas pela presença de metástases cranio-espinhais e/ou sistêmicas originadas da hipófise. Sua histopatologia é freqüentemente indistinguível daquela dos adenomas benignos. O desenvolvimento de marcadores que melhor reflitam o seu comportamento é desejável. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 47 anos com um macroadenoma secretor de prolactina que foi submetido a procedimentos cirúrgicos, radioterapia e tratamento com bromocriptina, mas que evoluiu para o óbito após o descobrimento de metástases intracranianas. Amostras do tumor foram submetidas à análise imuno-histoquímica para os antígenos p53 e Ki-67. A coloração para p53 foi negativa em todas as amostras, um achado raro entre os carcinomas pituitários. O índice proliferativo Ki-67 foi 2,80% no tumor original, 4,40% na recidiva e 4,45% na metástase. O valor obtido na recidiva é maior que o esperado para um adenoma não-invasor. Concluindo, a coloração para p53 não é positiva em todos os carcinomas pituitários. Um índice proliferativo Ki-67 alto em um adenoma pituitário poderia indicar um comportamento mais agressivo