Empirical relationships between health literacy and treatment decision making : A scoping review of the literature

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements This research was supported by a Joseph Armand Bombardier Doctoral Scholarship awarded to Leslie J. Malloy-Weir by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The authors would like to thank Maureen Rice for her help with the literature search strategy and Dr. Malcolm Weir for his help with the relevance screening.Peer reviewedPostprin

The Effects of Stress and Trauma on Brain and Memory: A View from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Many aspects of brain development depend on experience. Because the major macro-morphological events of brain development occur over the first 2–3 years of postnatal life, this time period can be considered both a period of opportunity as well as a period of vulnerability. In this paper we describe how experience with stress early in life can have a negative impact on certain aspects of brain development, and specifically, those neural circuits that underlie memory. We also describe the effects of traumatic events on the development of the neural basis of memory. In support of our argument, we review the literature on brain, stress, and memory in the context of development. Based on this review, we suggest that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to the harmful physiological effects of stress, which in turn has the potential to lead to impairments in memory. Unfortunately, there are few empirical data that directly address this hypothesis. In this context we offer a number of suggestions for future research

Description of Age-0 Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus Pallas (Gobiidae), and Ecotone Utilisation in St. Clair Lowland Waters, Ontario

Early developmental stages and ecotone utilisation of the non-indigenous Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811), are described and illustrated. Fish (5-40 mm) were collected in coarse gravel, rocks and debris in the St. Clair River/Lake system, Ontario, in 1994-2000. The Round Goby hatches at about 5 mm with black eyes, flexed urostyle, and developed fins and digestive system. Distinguishing characters include large head, dorsolateral eyes, large fan-shaped pectoral fins, two dorsal fins, fused thoracic pelvic fins and a distinct black spot on the posterior of the spinous dorsal fin. Modal counts for preanal, postanal, and total myomeres were 12, 19, and 31, respectively

Environment and Distribution of Age 0 Fishes in River Canard, a Lowland Ontario River

Age 0 fishes were collected to determine occurrence, relative abundance and species composition at three sites in River Canard, Ontario in spring-autumn, 1994-1995. This small lowland river (mean annual discharge, 3.2 m3 s-1) has variable flow during fish spawning and early nursery periods, high suspended particulate load, and sparse rooted vegetation and other physical cover. Forty-two taxa (12 families; 24,544 specimens) collected with beach seines and a plankton net represented a wide range of reproductive strategies and a diverse taxocene. Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum (67% of total catch), Orangespotted Sunfish Lepomis humilis (8%), and Brook Silverside Labidesthes sicculus (6%) were the most abundant species. Environmental conditions were such that fish attained autumnal lengths comparable to species in various systems throughout the ecoregion

Toward Virtual Digital Mammograms for Research and Training in Tumor Detection

Research in the processing, compression, transmission, and interpretation of digital radiographic images requires evaluation of a wide variety of test images, varying in format, in spatial resolution, and in anatomic content. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of observers using novel versus conventional image formats, large numbers of test images containing known abnormalities are required. This report describes a method for creating high resolution, virtual digital mammograms from computational models of the human breast that include branched lobulated ducts and suspensory ligaments embedded in fatty subcutaneous tissue. Breast phantoms may include any of three types of simulated tumors (fibroadenomas, invasive ductal carcinomas, and intraductal carcinomas). Virtual mammograms are generated by computing x-ray transmission through a mathematically defined, three dimensional tissue space according to Beer\u27s Law, using a fast ray-tracing algorithm. The resulting test images are adequately realistic, inexpensive, and reproducible at any desired resolution. They may contain precisely defined and localized abnormalities of unlimited subtlety. This approach provides a flexible, easy-to-use research tool to explore digital techniques in mammography, as well as a potential aid to training of radiologists in early breast cancer detection

4-Chloroacetophenone [1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethylidene]Hydrazone

The crystal structure of the title mixed azine, C17H17CIN2O, contains four independent molecules, A-D, and molecule B is disordered. All four molecules have an N-N gauche conformation, with C-N-N-C torsion angles of 136.5 (4), 137.0 (4), -134.7 (4) and -134.7 (4)°, respectively. The phenyl rings are also somewhat twisted with respect to the plane defined by Cipso and the imine bond. On average, the combined effect of these twists results in an angle of 64.7° between the best planes of the two phenyl rings. Arene-arene double T-contacts are the dominant intermolecular interaction. The methoxy-substituted phenyl ring of one azine molecule interacts to form a T-contact with the methoxy-substituted phenyl ring of an adjacent molecule and, similarly, two chloro-substituted phenyl rings of neighboring molecules interact to form another T-contact. The only exception is for molecule B, for which the disorder leads to the formation of T-contacts between methoxy- and chloro-substituted phenyl rings. The prevailing structural motif of T-contact formation between like-substituted arene rings results in a highly dipole-parallel-aligned crystal structure

The Ursinus Weekly, October 26, 1914

Honor system to be voted upon • Special monthly services arranged • 80-yard run spells defeat for varsity • Scrubs lose close game • The trees on the college campus • Literary societies • On the campushttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2639/thumbnail.jp

Theoretical Advantages of Abdominal Counterpulsation in CPR as Demonstrated in a Simple Electrical Model of the Circulation

Animal studies and preliminary clinical observations suggest that the addition of interposed abdominal compressions (IAC) to ventilation and chest compression of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) augments blood flow, blood pressures, and immediate survival. To investigate the physical basis for enhanced circulation during IAC-CPR, we developed an electrical model of the circulation. Heart and blood vessels were modeled as resistive-capacitive networks, pressures as voltages, blood flow as electric current, blood inertia as inductance, and the cardiac and venous valves as diodes. External pressurization of the heart and great vessels, as would occur in CPR, was simulated by application by half-sinusoidal voltage pulses between vascular capacitances and ground. Closed-chest CPR was simulated by pressurization of all intrathoracic capacitances. IAC was simulated by similar pressurization of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta, 180 degrees out of phase with chest compression. During simulation of CPR, IAC improved cranial and myocardial perfusion at all levels of chest compression pressure by amounts linearly related to peak abdominal pressure, suggesting that the abdomen can function as a second, independent blood pump during CPR. Brain and heart flow were improved further during simulated vasoconstriction in kidneys, abdominal viscera, and extremities. Based on the fundamental properties of the cardiovascular system represented in the model, abdominal counterpulsation provides a rational basis for flow augmentation during CPR

The Ursinus Weekly, November 2, 1914

Hallowe\u27en programs in literary societies • Student activities of the week • Varsity runs up big score on P.M.C. • The trees on the college campus • Resolutions • Picked team plays Pottstown • College directoryhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2640/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, October 19, 1914

Welsh lecturer pleases audience • The president and his wife entertain • Varsity bows to Penn State team • Scrubs lose second game • The trees on the college campus • Dr. Schumacher a benedict • Literary societies • College directory • On the campus • Athletic noteshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2638/thumbnail.jp