Mutual positions of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter from photometric observations during their mutual occultations and eclipses in 1997


We report the final results of the 1997 campaign of
photometric observations of the mutual phenomena of the Galilean
satellites carried out at observatories in Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Ukraine. Our results contribute substantially to the
world data bank of such observations
and will allow the model of the motion of Galilean 
satellites to be further refined. To facilitate the use of
photometric data, we reduced them by computing the planetocentric
rectangular
coordinate differences of satellite pairs for a number of instants
of time so we deduce the differences for one instant from one
observed light curve.
It is these reduced data that constitute the principal result of this work. We based our data reduction on the method which we developed in
earlier papers (Emel'yanov 1999; Emel'yanov 2000). The accuracy of observations was estimated in the process of reduction. The paper also describes the equipment used.

ЭКСПРЕССИЯ МАРКЕРОВ CD44 И CD24 В БИОПСИЙНОМ МАТЕРИАЛЕ БОЛЬНЫХ ТРОЙНЫМ НЕГАТИВНЫМ РАКОМ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ ДО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ

The role of the expression of CD44 and CD24 in breast cancer (BC) has been explored in many laboratories around the world to identify predictive markers of tumor aggressiveness and patient’s response to anticancer therapy. These proteins participate in the process of tumor growth, metastasis and formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The study of CD44 and CD24 expression in triple negative (TN) BC, which is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, is of particular interest. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers in biopsy samples of TNBC patients before treatment and clinical/ morphological characteristics of the tumors. Material and Methods. The study group included 67 patients with stage I–IV TNBC. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of cells with CSC immunophenotype (CD44+/CD24-/low) in biopsy samples from the primary tumor of 65 patients and lymph nodes of 6 patients. In addition, the proportion of cells with all possible combinations of expression of these surface proteins was estimated. Results. Cells with CSC immunophenotype were detected in all patients with a wide individual variability of CSC proportion from 0.4 % to 77.0 % (median – 10.9 %). There were no differences in the proportion of CSCs in the primary tumor and lymph nodes. No statistically significant correlation between the proportion of CSCs in the primary tumor and the clinical/morphological parameters, including tumor size and differentiation grade, evidence of regional or distant metastases, tumor, size of the fraction of proliferating cells estimated by Ki67 expression, was found in either single or multivariate analysis. There was also no association of the above parameters (except Ki67) with immunophenotypes. A high proportion of Ki67-positive cells in the primary tumor was associated with the CD44-CD24-phenotype. Conclusion. The expression of CD44 and CD24 in biopsy samples of TNBC before treatment did not correlate with the clinical and morphological characteristics of the tumors, excepting Ki67 expression.Индивидуальные особенности экспрессии CD44 и CD24 при раке молочной железы (РМЖ) изучаются во многих лабораториях мира в рамках поиска прогностических маркеров агрессивности опухолевого процесса и эффективности противоопухолевой терапии, что во многом обусловлено участием этих белков в процессах опухолевого роста, метастазирования и формирования популяции опухолевых стволовых клеток (ОСК), которые составляют наиболее резистентную часть злокачественных новообразований к радиационным и многим химиотерапевтическим воздействиям. Особый интерес представляет исследование экспрессии CD44 и CD24 в случае тройного негативного (ТН) РМЖ – наиболее агрессивного среди различных молекулярных подтипов злокачественных новообразований данной локализации. Цель исследования – выяснение возможной взаимосвязи экспрессии маркеров CD44 и CD24 в биопсийном материале больных ТН РМЖ до лечения с клинико-морфологическими характеристиками опухоли. Материал и методы. В исследование включено 67 больных ТН РМЖ I–IV стадии. С помощью проточной цитометрии в биоптатах из первичного опухолевого очага 65 больных и лимфоузлов 6 больных определяли долю клеток с иммунофенотипом ОСК, которые характеризуются наличием на клеточной мембране CD44 при низкой экспрессии CD24 или отсутствии таковой (CD44+/ CD24-/low). Кроме того, оценивали долю клеток со всеми возможными комбинациями экспрессии этих поверхностных белков. Результаты. Клетки с иммунофенотипом ОСК выявлены в первичном очаге всех больных при широкой индивидуальной вариабельности их доли – от 0,4 до 77,0 % (медиана – 10,9 %). Не обнаружено различий доли ОСК в первичном очаге и в лимфоузлах. Ни при одно-, ни при многофакторном анализе не установлено значимой корреляции доли ОСК ни с одним из клинико-морфологических показателей, включая размер и степень дифференцировки опухоли, наличие регионарных и отдаленных метастазов, размер фракции пролиферирующих клеток, оцениваемый по экспрессии Ki67. Также не установлено ассоциации указанных показателей (кроме Ki67) ни с одним из преобладающих в исследованном материале иммунофенотипов. В первичном опухолевом очаге высокая доля Ki67-позитивных клеток была ассоциирована с фенотипом CD44-CD24-. Заключение. Экспрессия маркеров CD44 и CD24 в клетках биопсийного материала больных ТН РМЖ до лечения не коррелирует с клинико-морфологическими характеристиками опухоли, кроме экспрессии Ki67

EXPRESSION OF CD44 AND CD24 MARKERS IN BIOPSY SAMPLES OF TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS BEFORE TREATMENT

The role of the expression of CD44 and CD24 in breast cancer (BC) has been explored in many laboratories around the world to identify predictive markers of tumor aggressiveness and patient’s response to anticancer therapy. These proteins participate in the process of tumor growth, metastasis and formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The study of CD44 and CD24 expression in triple negative (TN) BC, which is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, is of particular interest. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers in biopsy samples of TNBC patients before treatment and clinical/ morphological characteristics of the tumors. Material and Methods. The study group included 67 patients with stage I–IV TNBC. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of cells with CSC immunophenotype (CD44+/CD24-/low) in biopsy samples from the primary tumor of 65 patients and lymph nodes of 6 patients. In addition, the proportion of cells with all possible combinations of expression of these surface proteins was estimated. Results. Cells with CSC immunophenotype were detected in all patients with a wide individual variability of CSC proportion from 0.4 % to 77.0 % (median – 10.9 %). There were no differences in the proportion of CSCs in the primary tumor and lymph nodes. No statistically significant correlation between the proportion of CSCs in the primary tumor and the clinical/morphological parameters, including tumor size and differentiation grade, evidence of regional or distant metastases, tumor, size of the fraction of proliferating cells estimated by Ki67 expression, was found in either single or multivariate analysis. There was also no association of the above parameters (except Ki67) with immunophenotypes. A high proportion of Ki67-positive cells in the primary tumor was associated with the CD44-CD24-phenotype. Conclusion. The expression of CD44 and CD24 in biopsy samples of TNBC before treatment did not correlate with the clinical and morphological characteristics of the tumors, excepting Ki67 expression

Photometry and position observations of Saturnian satellites during their mutual eclipses and occultations in 1995 performed at the Observatories in Russia and Kazakhstan

Photometry of mutual eclipses and occultations of planetary satellites is a powerful technique to explore these bodies. Observations of these rare events are a source of much precise information. In 1995 the Celestial Mechanics Department of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI) has organized the observations of mutual eclipses and occultations of Saturnian satellites on a number of observatories of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) — the former Soviet Union (FSU). The ephemerides of satellites and their observing conditions have been computed beforehand and mailed these data to many observatories of CIS. The Crimean laboratory (CL) of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, two observatories of the Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (FAI AS RK) in Almaty, and the Main Astronomical Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences (MAO RAS) in Pulkovo took part in observations. A photoelectric photometer was used in CL of SAI, a CCD was employed to secure satellite images in FAI AS RK, and both CCD and photographic plates were used in MAO RAS. As a result of this observing campaign, photometric data and light curves were obtained for three mutual eclipses and occultations of Saturnian satellites. A number of position observations made allowed us to measure relative coordinates of satellites. Astrometric information has already been derived from photometric data. The mutual apparent positions of satellites were calculated with an accuracy of 0\hbox{.\!\!^{\prime\prime}} 002 - 0\hbox{.\!\!^{\prime\prime}} 003. In this paper observations are described and the parameters characterizing the observed phenomena are given. The results of observations are available in electronic form. This work supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, projects Nos. 95-02-05042, 97-02-16551

Mutual positions of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter from photometric observations during their mutual occultations and eclipses in 1997


We report the final results of the 1997 campaign of
photometric observations of the mutual phenomena of the Galilean
satellites carried out at observatories in Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Ukraine. Our results contribute substantially to the
world data bank of such observations
and will allow the model of the motion of Galilean 
satellites to be further refined. To facilitate the use of
photometric data, we reduced them by computing the planetocentric
rectangular
coordinate differences of satellite pairs for a number of instants
of time so we deduce the differences for one instant from one
observed light curve.
It is these reduced data that constitute the principal result of this work. We based our data reduction on the method which we developed in
earlier papers (Emel'yanov 1999; Emel'yanov 2000). The accuracy of observations was estimated in the process of reduction. The paper also describes the equipment used.