37 research outputs found
Analyse statistique de la variabilité spatiale de l'inventaire du cyle de vie
Objectif gĂ©nĂ©ral de l'analyse de cycle de vie -- Organisme gĂ©rant et structurant l'ACV -- Principales phases d'une ACV -- Revue de littĂ©rature -- Les sources d'incertitudes -- Moyens pour qualifier ou quantifier l'incertitude dans les donnĂ©es d'inventaire -- MĂ©thode de propagation de l'incertitude -- ProblĂ©matique de la rĂ©duction de la variabilitĂ© spatiale en inventaire -- HypothĂšse -- Objectifs -- MĂ©thodologie de la recherchde -- Identifier un flux dominant de l'inventaire du cycle de vie qui peut ĂȘtre divisĂ© en diffĂ©rents regroupements spatiaux (Provinces/Ecozones ...) Ă l'intĂ©rieur du Canada -- VĂ©rifier si les impacts environnmentaux globaux du flux dominant sĂ©lectionnĂ© Ă l'Ă©tape 1 sont statistiquement diffĂ©rents d'un regroupement spatial par rapport Ă l'autre dans un intervalle de confiance de 90% -- Ăvaluer statistiquement les impacts de cette variabilitĂ© spatiale pour un ensemble de processus unitaires reprĂ©sentant des analyses de cycle de vie de type "Berceau Ă BarriĂšre" -- Choix du flux Ă modĂ©liser -- Identification des flux dominants dans l'ensemble des processus en ACV -- VĂ©rification de la prĂ©sence de variabilitĂ© spatiale pour un flux dominant -- ModĂ©lisation du mĂ©lange de l'approvisionnement en Ă©nergie Ă©lectrique au Canada -- Test d'hypothĂšse sur les distributions statistiques des diffĂ©rents modes de production d'Ă©lectricitĂ© -- Identification des Ă©lĂ©ments clĂ©s -- Tests d'hypothĂšses sur les distributions statistiques des processus unitaires finaux -- VariabilitĂ© spatiale dans l'inventaire canadien du cycle de vie -- VariabilitĂ© en avant et arriĂšre-plan dans les ACV -- Discussion -- Choix de l'Ă©lĂ©ment prĂ©pondĂ©rant -- Comment modĂ©liser le "Grid mix" Canadien -- Avant-plan vs ArriĂšre-plan -- VariabilitĂ© spatiale dans l'inventaire Canadien -- Exemple suppĂ©mentaire : consommation du cuivre en Allemagne
Handicap, parole de tĂ©moin et parole dâexpert : vers une co-construction des discours ? PrĂ©sentation du dossier
International audienceLes divers acteurs du champ du handicap, câest-Ă -dire, les usagers et les experts, parlent-ils toujours de la mĂȘme chose quand ils parlent de handicap ? Câest la question Ă laquelle tente de rĂ©pondre ce dossier. Dans un cadre socio-politique Ă orientation inclusive marquĂ© Ă la fois par lâadoption de la loi 2005-102, la ratification de la convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapĂ©es (0NU, 2006) et par lâĂ©mergence dâune demande de dĂ©mocratie participative, on est conduits Ă sâinterroger sur le poids et lâimpact de la parole des premiers tĂ©moins du handicap sur les reprĂ©sentations dominantes orientant les pratiques sociales Ă leur Ă©gard. En effet, dans un contexte oĂč ces tĂ©moins sont de plus en plus producteurs, Ă titre individuel ou collectif, dâun discours sur eux-mĂȘmes et sur leurs besoins (passage du statut dâobjets dâanalyse et de soin Ă celui de sujets de droits, et dâusagers-acteurs), on peut se demander si, en tant quâacteurs sociaux, ils interviennent pleinement dans un processus authentique de participation sociale. Sont-ils considĂ©rĂ©s en tant quâexperts du handicap, ou bien plutĂŽt cantonnĂ©s dans un rĂŽle limitĂ© de fournisseur dâinformation â leur parole faisant lâobjet dâun discours interprĂ©tatif en surplomb qui parle dâeux, pour eux, et qui a le dernier mot sur lâobjet handicap
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Multicenter assessment of quantitative sensory testing (QST) for the detection of neuropathic-like pain responses using the topical capsaicin model
Background: The use of quantitative sensory testing (QST) in multicenter studies has been quite limited, due in part to lack of standardized procedures among centers.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the application of the capsaicin pain model as a surrogate experimental human model of neuropathic pain in different centers and verify the variation in reports of QST measures across centers.
Methods: A multicenter study conducted by the Quebec Pain Research Network in six laboratories allowed the evaluation of nine QST parameters in 60 healthy subjects treated with topical capsaicin to model unilateral pain and allodynia. The same measurements (without capsaicin) were taken in 20 patients with chronic neuropathic pain recruited from an independent pain clinic.
Results: Results revealed that six parameters detected a significant difference between the capsaicin-treated and the control skin areas: (1) cold detection threshold (CDT) and (2) cold pain threshold (CPT) are lower on the capsaicin-treated side, indicating a decreased in cold sensitivity; (3) heat pain threshold (HPT) was lower on the capsaicin-treated side in healthy subjects, suggesting an increased heat pain sensitivity; (4) dynamic mechanical allodynia (DMA); (5) mechanical pain after two stimulations (MPS2); and (6) mechanical pain summation after ten stimulations (MPS10), are increased on the capsaicin-treated side, suggesting an increased in mechanical pain (P < 0.002). CDT, CPT and HPT showed comparable effects across all six centers, with CPT and HPT demonstrating the best sensitivity. Data from the patients showed significant difference between affected and unaffected body side but only with CDT.
Conclusion: These results provide further support for the application of QST in multicenter studies examining normal and pathological pain responses
LâĂcoutille : une expĂ©rience de communication
Une revue gĂ©rĂ©e de façon relativement autonome par rapport Ă la direction, permet de crĂ©er des dĂ©bats sur la pratique, dans un Centre de services sociaux. Lâauteur raconte lâhistoire de cette revue, les problĂšmes quotidiens de la production, les difficultĂ©s de faire Ă©crire un personnel privĂ© de parole, les remous institutionnels autour des numĂ©ros. Outil contestĂ© de communication, cette revue a permis des Ă©changes importants, de dĂ©fendre des projets, de questionner la direction. La suppression de cette revue permet de sâinterroger sur la place quâelle occupait et sur les pouvoirs quâelle dĂ©rangeait.A journal, organized free of management control, encourages debate on practice in a social service centre. The author relates the history of this journal, the daily problems of production, the difficulties in solliciting contributions from staff deprived of the liberty of speech, and the institutional upheaval at each publication.A contested means of communication, the journal succeeded in promoting important exchanges, the defense of projects and the questionning of management.The suppression of this journal provokes reflection on the role it played in the institution and the powers that it ruffled.Una revista editada en forma relativamente autĂłnoma frente a la direcciĂłn de un Centro de Servicios Sociales ha permitido la reacciĂłn de debates sobre la prĂĄctica del trabajo social. La autora relata la historia de esta revista, los problemas cotidianos de la producciĂłn, las dificultades de hacer expresarse por escrito a un personal privado del uso de la palabra, y las agitaciones institucionales provocadas por cada uno de los nĂșmeros. Instrumento discutido de comunicaciĂłn, esta revista ha permitido intercambios importantes de opiniones, la defensa de proyectos, el cuestionamiento mismo de la direcciĂłn. La ocasiĂłn de la supresiĂłn de esta revista es la ocasiĂłn para interrogarse sobre el sitio que ocupaba y los poderes que incomodaba
Handicap, parole de tĂ©moin et parole dâexpert : vers une co-construction des discours ? PrĂ©sentation du dossier
International audienceLes divers acteurs du champ du handicap, câest-Ă -dire, les usagers et les experts, parlent-ils toujours de la mĂȘme chose quand ils parlent de handicap ? Câest la question Ă laquelle tente de rĂ©pondre ce dossier. Dans un cadre socio-politique Ă orientation inclusive marquĂ© Ă la fois par lâadoption de la loi 2005-102, la ratification de la convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapĂ©es (0NU, 2006) et par lâĂ©mergence dâune demande de dĂ©mocratie participative, on est conduits Ă sâinterroger sur le poids et lâimpact de la parole des premiers tĂ©moins du handicap sur les reprĂ©sentations dominantes orientant les pratiques sociales Ă leur Ă©gard. En effet, dans un contexte oĂč ces tĂ©moins sont de plus en plus producteurs, Ă titre individuel ou collectif, dâun discours sur eux-mĂȘmes et sur leurs besoins (passage du statut dâobjets dâanalyse et de soin Ă celui de sujets de droits, et dâusagers-acteurs), on peut se demander si, en tant quâacteurs sociaux, ils interviennent pleinement dans un processus authentique de participation sociale. Sont-ils considĂ©rĂ©s en tant quâexperts du handicap, ou bien plutĂŽt cantonnĂ©s dans un rĂŽle limitĂ© de fournisseur dâinformation â leur parole faisant lâobjet dâun discours interprĂ©tatif en surplomb qui parle dâeux, pour eux, et qui a le dernier mot sur lâobjet handicap
Representations, Metaphors and meaning of the Term Handicap in France: Representations of Handicap in France
International audienceIn France, as opposed to most European countries the use of the term "handicap" is not only used as a noun, it is also used as an attribute to designate people living with disabilities. Thus, it was of particular interest to understand the representations, the metaphors and the meanings related to the term "handicap". A qualitative study, using in depth open-ended interviews was carried in France. The material collected was analysed through a content analysis, in order to identify the metaphors and shed light on their underlying meanings. Our study, has demonstrated that the representations of handicap do not reflect word for word the official classification separating the motor, sensorial, mental and social components of disabilities. In the representations, the various components are restructured in different configurations, which give specific meanings and values to each one in the context of a global representation of human social functioning and its avatars. "Mental handicap" appears to be the most handicapping of all disabilities and functions as metaphor for all the conditions, states, situations and persons designated by the term âhandicapâ
Life cycle assessment of kraft lignin for polymer applications
Purpose: Lignin is a by-product of wood pulping that is normally used as fuel on-site (black liquor), but also has some applications in the field of new biomaterials. This study focuses on the life cycle inventory of lignin originating from the kraft pulping process, for polymer applications. The system boundary includes lignin precipitation from black liquor, washing, and drying, but excludes subsequent application-specific compatibilization modifications. Lignin transportation is considered to rely exclusively on trucking. Methods: This work is based on the ecoinvent v2.2 database and the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method. Special attention is given to the net effect of lignin precipitation on the mass and energy balances of the kraft process. Because the kraft black liquor supply will far exceed the demand for non-fuel uses for the foreseeable future, it is considered appropriate to use either the marginal variation method of physical allocation or a system boundary expansion. Consequently, the system boundary includes natural gas as a substitute fuel (when applicable) but excludes wood harvesting and the pulping process. Results and discussion: The main impacts of kraft lignin come from the natural gas subsystem (fuel substitution and drying) despite a significantly cleaner combustion than for black liquor. Other significant contributors include the production of carbon dioxide for precipitation, sulfuric acid for washing, and sodium hydroxide to make up for sodium losses, all of which have some improvement potential. Conclusions: The environmental profile of kraft lignin tends to be preferable to synthetic organic compounds of similar molecular complexity because its initial transformation chain is relatively energy efficient. It is thus an environmentally sound choice for polymer applications as long as nearunity substitution ratios can be achieved without requiring compatibilization modifications that are too environmentally intensive and without affecting other stages of the product life cycle. In particular, the end-of-life performance depends on long-term lignin sequestration.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Memories of chronic pain and perceptions of relief
Abstract Clinicians and researchers often ask patients to remember their past pain. They also use patient's reports of relief from pain as evidence of treatment efficacy, assuming that relief represents the difference between pretreatment pain and present pain. We have estimated the accuracy of remembering pain and described the relationship between remembered pain, changes in pain levels and reports of relief during treatment. During a 10-week randomized controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of oral appliances for the management of chronic myalgia of the jaw muscles, subjects recalled their pretreatment pain and rated their present pain and perceived relief. Multiple regression analysis and repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. Memory of the pretreatment pain was inaccurate and the errors in recall got significantly worse with the passage of time (P Ϝ 0.001). Accuracy of recall for pretreatment pain depended on the level of pain before treatment (P Ϝ 0.001): subjects with low pretreatment pain exaggerated its intensity afterwards, while it was underestimated by those with the highest pretreatment pain. Memory of pretreatment pain was also dependent on the level of pain at the moment of recall (P Ϝ 0.001). Ratings of relief increased over time (P Ϝ 0.001), and were dependent on both present and remembered pain (Ps Ϝ 0.001). However, true changes in pain were not significantly related to relief scores (P = 0.41). Finally, almost all patients reported relief, even those whose pain had increased. These results suggest that reports of perceived relief do not necessarily reflect true changes in pain
Adjuvant effect of the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) matrix protein in HMPV subunit vaccines.
The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) fusion (F) protein is the most immunodominant protein, yet subunit vaccines containing only this protein do not confer complete protection. The HMPV matrix (M) protein induces the maturation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. The inclusion of the M protein into an F protein subunit vaccine might therefore provide an adjuvant effect. We administered the F protein twice intramuscularly, adjuvanted with alum, the M protein or both, to BALB/c mice at 3 week intervals. Three weeks after the boost, mice were infected with HMPV and monitored for 14 days. At day 5 post-challenge, pulmonary viral titres, histopathology and cytokine levels were analysed. Mice immunized with F+alum and F+M+alum generated significantly more neutralizing antibodies than mice immunized with F only [titres of 47 ± 7 (P<0.01) and 147 ± 13 (P<0.001) versus 17 ± 2]. Unlike F only [1.6 ± 0.5 à 10(3) TCID50 (g lung)(-1)], pulmonary viral titres in mice immunized with F+M and F+M+alum were undetectable. Mice immunized with F+M presented the most important reduction in pulmonary inflammation and the lowest T-helper Th2/Th1 cytokine ratio. In conclusion, addition of the HMPV-M protein to an F protein-based vaccine modulated both humoral and cellular immune responses to subsequent infection, thereby increasing the protection conferred by the vaccine.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe