Ketidaklaziman Kolokasi Pembelajar Bipa dan Implikasinya terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa

Unacceptable Collocations by Learners of Indonesian as a ForeignLanguage and the Implication in Language Learning. Foreign language learners\u27ability to collocate words that are natural and acceptable in the target language isimportant in foreign language learning; however, it is notoriously difficult forforeign language learners and sometimes makes them frustrated. This studyattempts to describe the negative transfer of English collocations into Indonesiancollocations made by learners of Indonesian as a foreign language in their writingassignments. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method. The data werecollected from 36 writing assignments by 12 learners whose mother tongue isEnglish. They were trainee teachers with experience in teaching Indonesian inAustralia. The finding shows that there are 176 unnatural Indonesian collocations,some of which are negative transfers of learners\u27 mother tongue. This suggests thatdirect teaching of collocations should be given special emphasis in teachingIndonesian as a foreign language

DataSheet1_The protective performance of rubber pads for penetration fuze.ZIP

To ensure the reliable functioning of hard target-penetration fuze on the battlefield, this study focuses on research related to fuze protective pads. The main factors causing fuze functional failure are summarized, and a simplified model of projectile penetration into target plates is established. The design conditions for the yield stress parameter of the fuze casing material are derived based on stress wave propagation theory. Modal analysis of the projectile is conducted using dynamic simulation software ANSYS to determine its vibration modes and low-pass filtering frequency. Static compression experiments are performed on different rubber materials (nitrile rubber, fluorine rubber, silicone rubber, and natural rubber) to obtain stress–strain curves and constitutive model parameters. Marshall hammer tests were carried out on rubber pads of different materials and thicknesses, confirming the validity of the simulation results and the feasibility of rubber filtering. The study indicates that when using a 2 mm thick rubber pad for protection, natural rubber provides the best protection. When using a 6 mm thick rubber pad, nitrile rubber shows the best protective performance. Under a 13-tooth tooling impact load, the best protection is achieved using a 2 mm thick natural rubber pad. When using a 6 mm thick pad, silicone rubber provides the best protection. Under a 15-tooth tooling impact load, fluorine rubber provides the best protection when using a 2 mm thick pad, while silicone rubber offers the best protection when using a 6 mm thick pad. Under a 17-tooth tooling impact load, natural rubber offers the best protection when using a 2 mm thick pad, and fluorine rubber demonstrates the best protection when using a 6 mm thick pad. The obtained research results provide a reference for protective methods of hard target-penetration fuze.</p

Graphene as dispersive solidphase extraction materials for pesticides LC-MS/MS multi-residue analysis in leek, onion and garlic

<div><p>A multi-residue analytical method was validated for 24 representative pesticides residues in onion, garlic and leek. The method is based on modified QuEChERS sample preparation with a mixture of graphene, primary secondary amine (PSA), and graphitised carbon black (GCB) as reversed-dispersive solid-phase extraction (r-DSPE) material and LC-MS/MS. Graphene was first used as an r-DSPE clean-up sorbent in onion, garlic and leek. The results first show that the mixed sorbent of graphene, PSA and GCB has a remarkable ability to clean-up interfering substances in the r-DSPE procedure when compared with the mixture of PSA and GCB. Use of matrix-matched standards provided acceptable results for tested pesticides with overall average recoveries between 70.1% and 109.7% and consistent RSDs <15.6%. In any case, this method still meets the 1–10 μg kg^–1 detection limit needed for pesticide testing and may be used for qualitative screening applications in which any identified pesticides can be quantified and confirmed by a more intensive method that achieves >70% recovery.</p></div

Data_Sheet_1_Co-overexpression of AtSAT1 and EcPAPR improves seed nutritional value in maize.PDF

Maize seeds synthesize insufficient levels of the essential amino acid methionine (Met) to support animal and livestock growth. Serine acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) and 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase (PAPR) are key control points for sulfur assimilation into Cys and Met biosynthesis. Two high-MET maize lines pRbcS:AtSAT1 and pRbcS:EcPAPR were obtained through metabolic engineering recently, and their total Met was increased by 1.4- and 1.57-fold, respectively, compared to the wild type. The highest Met maize line, pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, was created by stacking the two transgenes, causing total Met to increase 2.24-fold. However, the pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR plants displayed progressively severe defects in plant growth, including early senescence, stunting, and dwarfing, indicating that excessive sulfur assimilation has an adverse effect on plant development. To explore the mechanism of correlation between Met biosynthesis in maize leaves and storage proteins in developing endosperm, the transcriptomes of the sixth leaf at stage V9 and 18 DAP endosperm of pRbcS:AtSAT1, pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, and the null segregants were quantified and analyzed. In pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, 3274 genes in leaves (1505 up- and 1769 downregulated) and 679 genes in the endosperm (327 up- and 352 downregulated) were differentially expressed. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analyses revealed that many genes were associated with Met homeostasis, including transcription factors and genes involved in cysteine and Met metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and oxidation–reduction. The data from gene network analysis demonstrated that two genes, serine/threonine-protein kinase (CCR3) and heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP), were localized in the core of the leaves and endosperm regulation networks, respectively. The results of this study provide insights into the diverse mechanisms that underlie the ideal establishment of enhanced Met levels in maize seeds.</p

Effects of CXCR7 ShRNA on cell morphology, actin filament polymerization and migration capability induced by SDF1α in normoxic cells.

<p>A, CXCR7 expression was increased with 24 h stimulation of SDF1α. Adhered hippocampal cells were cultured in normoxia for seven days. Then cells were treated with SDF1α (50 ng/ml) for 24 h or left untreated (control). Cell lysates were obtained to detect CXCR7 expression by western blot. B, CXCR7 protein expression was determined after CXCR7 silencing. Three ShRNA (CXCR7 ShRNA1, CXCR7 ShRNA2, CXCR7 ShRNA3) lentiviral expression vectors with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were transfected into hippocampal cells targeting CXCR7 mRNA on the 7^th day of culture. Three days later, cell lysates of transfected and untreated cells (control) were obtained to determine CXCR7 protein expression by western blot. The lentivirus-GFP that expressed GFP only was used as a blank control (data was not shown). Here, we used CXCR7 ShRNA1 as an effective inhibitor to do subsequent experiments. C, D, Cell morphology was observed and the ratio of the longest axon length to the soma perimeter was calculated by image analysis system. Cells were cultured under normoxia with or without CXCR7 ShRNA transfection followed by SDF1α (50 ng/ml) for 24 or 36 hours, or left untreated. Neuronal cells were counted under a light microscope. Six predetermined areas in each independent well (From a total of six wells) at each time point were selected and photographed. Then the longest axon length and the soma perimeter were counted and calculated manually. Bar = 10 µm. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs untreated. E, Actin filament polymerization was observed by staining with phalloidin and imaging with confocal microscopy. Neural cells were transfected with CXCR7 ShRNA with following SDF1α (50 ng/ml) application for 24 h or not. Arrows indicate the distribution changes of actin filament polymerization. Bar = 10 µm. F, Number of migrated cells was counted by transwell chamber analysis. Some of cells were transfected with CXCR7 ShRNA, and some were left untreated. Then cells were placed in the upper chamber and SDF1α (50 ng/ml) was added to the lower chamber for 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 36 hours respectively for migration analysis. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs untreated.</p

Effects of CXCR7 ShRNA on cell morphology and migration capability induced by SDF1α in hypoxic cells.

<p>A, Cell morphology was observed after hypoxia with pre-treatment of CXCR7 ShRNA or not. Some of cells were transfected with CXCR7 ShRNA, or left untreated. Then all of cells were treated with hypoxia followed by stimulation of SDF1α (50 ng/ml) for 24 h. Neuronal cell morphology was observed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope. Arrows indicate the changes of dendrite length and neurite outgrowth formation. Bar = 30 µm. B, Number of migrated cells was counted by transwell chamber analysis. Cells with or without CXCR7 silencing were treated with hypoxia, and then were placed in the upper chamber with SDF1α (50 ng/ml) in the lower chamber for 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 36 hours respectively. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs hypoxia.</p

Expression of CXCR7 in hippocampal cells after hypoxia.

<p>Adhered hippocampal cells were exposed to hypoxia or normoxia (control), and then CXCR7 expression was determined by immunofluorescence and western blot at 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 36 h after hypoxia. Six independent experiments were applied for both cell count and western blot. A, Hippocampal cells were digested from the culture dish and measured for CXCR7 expression by immunofluorescence. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs control. B–C, Cell lysates were obtained to perform western blot assay for CXCR7 expression. Data showed strong up-regulation of CXCR7 after hypoxia. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs control.</p

CXCR7 Silencing Attenuates Cell Adaptive Response to Stromal Cell Derived Factor 1α after Hypoxia

<div><p>Previous studies have shown that chemotactic factor stromal-cell derived factor 1α (SDF1α) promotes cell recovery from hypoxic injury via its main receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR) 4. However, the role of its new receptor CXCR7 on cell repair against hypoxia and cell response to SDF1α remains largely unknown. In this study, neurons induced from hippocampal progenitor cells were pre-conditioned in hypoxia for 4h and subsequently monitored to investigate the function of SDF1α on cell repair after hypoxia. Neurons were assessed for their cell morphology, actin filament polymerization and migration capability. SDF1α protein levels increased significantly 1 h after hypoxia compared to control (<em>P</em><0.01), and it reached a peak at 24 h after hypoxia. Moreover, addition of SDF1α promoted neurite outgrowth and actin filament polymerization both in normoxic and hypoxic cells compared to untreated cells. Cell migration showed a time-dependent increase with SDF1α stimulation in both groups, and hypoxic cells illustrated a significant augment at 0.5 h, 1 h and 12 h after SDF1α application compared to normoxic cells (<em>P</em><0.01). CXCR7 expression also increased with time dependence after hypoxia and demonstrated a two-fold upregulation compared to control at 24 h after hypoxia. With CXCR7 silencing, axon elongation and actin filament polymerization induced by SDF1α were inhibited sharply both in normoxic and hypoxic cells. CXCR7 silencing also leads to reduced hypoxic cell migration at 0.5 h, 1 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h after SDF1α application (<em>P</em><0.01), but it failed to reduce normoxic cell migration induced by SDF1α at 0.5 h, 1 h and 12 h (<em>P</em>>0.05). 24 h SDF1α stimulation led to higher ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to control, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased more in hypoxic cells than that in normoxic cells. This study suggested that CXCR7 plays an important role on cell repair processing induced by SDF1α, and CXCR7 silencing attenuates cell adaptive response to acute SDF1α stimulation (≤12 h) after hypoxia.</p> </div

Data_Sheet_2_Co-overexpression of AtSAT1 and EcPAPR improves seed nutritional value in maize.xlsx

Maize seeds synthesize insufficient levels of the essential amino acid methionine (Met) to support animal and livestock growth. Serine acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) and 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase (PAPR) are key control points for sulfur assimilation into Cys and Met biosynthesis. Two high-MET maize lines pRbcS:AtSAT1 and pRbcS:EcPAPR were obtained through metabolic engineering recently, and their total Met was increased by 1.4- and 1.57-fold, respectively, compared to the wild type. The highest Met maize line, pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, was created by stacking the two transgenes, causing total Met to increase 2.24-fold. However, the pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR plants displayed progressively severe defects in plant growth, including early senescence, stunting, and dwarfing, indicating that excessive sulfur assimilation has an adverse effect on plant development. To explore the mechanism of correlation between Met biosynthesis in maize leaves and storage proteins in developing endosperm, the transcriptomes of the sixth leaf at stage V9 and 18 DAP endosperm of pRbcS:AtSAT1, pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, and the null segregants were quantified and analyzed. In pRbcS:AtSAT1-pRbcS:EcPAPR, 3274 genes in leaves (1505 up- and 1769 downregulated) and 679 genes in the endosperm (327 up- and 352 downregulated) were differentially expressed. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analyses revealed that many genes were associated with Met homeostasis, including transcription factors and genes involved in cysteine and Met metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and oxidation–reduction. The data from gene network analysis demonstrated that two genes, serine/threonine-protein kinase (CCR3) and heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP), were localized in the core of the leaves and endosperm regulation networks, respectively. The results of this study provide insights into the diverse mechanisms that underlie the ideal establishment of enhanced Met levels in maize seeds.</p

Expression of SDF1α in hippocampal cells after hypoxia.

<p>Adhered hippocampal cells were exposed to hypoxia (3%O₂, 5% CO₂ and 92% N₂) for 4 h or left untreated on the seventh day of culturing. Supernatants and cell lysates were obtained and measured at 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 36 h after hypoxia for ELISA and western blot respectively. Untreated cells were used as control. A, Concentrations of supernatant SDF1α in the medium were determined by ELISA. *<i>P</i><0.01, vs control. B, Expression of SDF1α in the cells was measured by western blot analysis. GAPDH was used as reference.</p