Participation of Different Forces and Coeducation in Peking University: From Reports of Newspaper Media, 1918-1920

It was an important achievement that Peking University abolished female forbiddance and implemented coeducation in Women’s Liberation Movement during the May 4th New Culture Movement. In this period, newspaper media kept up with the historical trend. As the leader of public opinion, Newspaper media intervened, reported and publicized the abolishment of female forbiddance and the implementation of coeducation in Peking University. It promoted the involvement of different social forces: the Principal of Peking University — Cai Yuanpei, female intellectuals, teachers and students of Peking university. These various forces played different roles in this trend. In their interaction, the abolishment of female forbiddance and the implementation of coeducation in Peking University began with appeals and debates and eventually ended with the realization. Furthermore, it aroused a nationwide impact in the education field. It not only reflects that coeducation in universities is a historical trend of democratization and modernization in higher education, but also indicates that newspaper media plays an indispensable role in Women’s Liberation Movement

MicroRNA Expression Profiling Screen miR-3557/324-targeted CaMK/mTOR in the Rat Striatum of Parkinson\u27s Disease in Regular Aerobic Exercise

This study aimed to screen the target miRNAs and to investigate the differential miR-3557/324-targeted signal mechanisms in the rats’ model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with regular aerobic exercise. Rats were divided into sedentary control PD group (SED-PD, n = 18) and aerobic exercise PD group (EX-PD, n = 22). After 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise, a 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA-) induced PD lesion model was constructed. Preregular aerobic exercises enhanced the injury resistance of rats with 6-OHDA-induced PD. The rotational behavior after injection of apomorphine hydrochloride was alleviated. Under the scanning electron microscopy, we found the neurons, axons, and villi of the striatum were clearly and tightly arranged, and neurons and axons significantly becoming larger. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was increased significantly and α-synuclein protein expression was reduced in the EX-PD group compared to the SED-PD group. Screening from miRNA microarray chip, we further found upregulation of miR-3557 and downregulation of miR-324 were closely related to the calcium-modulating signaling pathway, remitting the progress of Parkinson’s disease on aerobic exercise. Compared to the SED-PD group, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK2α) was upregulated, but CaMKV and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (Vdac1) were significantly downregulated in the EX-PD group. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression were activated, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) expression was upregulated in the EX-PD group. Conclusions: the adaptive mechanism of regular aerobic exercise delaying neurodegenerative diseases and lesions was that miR-3557/324 was activated to regulate one of its targets CaMKs signaling pathways. CaMKs, coordinated with mTOR pathway-related gene expression, improved UCH-L1 level to favor for delaying neurodegeneration or improving the pathogenesis of PD lesions

Criterion-Related Validity of a Simple Muscle Strength Test to Assess Whole Body Muscle Strength in Chinese Children Aged 10 to 12 Years

Objective. To study the criterion-related validity of simple muscle strength test (SMST) indicators and assess whole body muscle strength in Chinese children aged 10 to 12 years old. Methods. Two hundred and forty children were equally divided into four groups in different genders and residences. The SMST indicators (hand-grip, knee bent push-up, back muscle strength, sit-up, leg muscle strength, and standing long jump) were tested. We set up the total level of the whole-body muscle strength (Ftotal) through testing isokinetic muscle strength of the six joints’ flexion and extension movements. Pearson correlation analyses were used to analyze the correlation between the SMST indicators and the Ftotal. Results. (1) Leg muscle strength and back muscle strength demonstrated the highest validity scores. Sit-ups, hand grip, and standing long jump demonstrated the lowest validity scores. (2) Leg muscle strength had the highest validity for males, but back muscle strength had the highest validity for females. Conclusions. Back muscle strength and leg muscle strength can give the highest validity of assessing whole body muscle strength, and also has higher validity in both the urban and rural children. For urban children, but not rural, the knee bent push-up also has a high validity indicator

Regular Aerobic Exercise-Alleviated Dysregulation of CAMKIIα Carbonylation to Mitigate Parkinsonism via Homeostasis of Apoptosis With Autophagy

This study investigated carbonylation of proteins with oxidative modification profiling in the striatum of aging and Parkinson disease (PD) rats, as well as the long-term effects of regular aerobic exercise on the carbonylation process and the damaging effects of PD vs habitual sedentary behavior. Regular aerobic exercise improved the PD rats\u27 rotational behavior, increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression in both the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta, and decreased α-synuclein expression significantly. Interestingly, apoptotic nuclei and autophagosomes were increased in the aerobic exercise PD rat striatum. Carbonylated protein Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase alpha (CAMKIIα) was present in the middle-aged and aged groups but only in the sedentary, not the exercise, PD rat striatum. Notably, CAMKIIα was characterized by a 4-hydroxynonenal adduct. Regular aerobic exercise upregulated CAMKIIα expression level, activated the CAMK signaling pathway, and promoted the expression of autophagy markers Beclin1 and microtubule-associated proteins 1 A/1B light chain 3II. Aberrant carbonylation of CAMKII initiated age-related changes and might be useful as a potential biomarker of PD. Regular aerobic exercise alleviated protein carbonylation modification of CAMKIIα and regulated the CAMK signaling pathway, thereby affecting and regulating the homeostasis of apoptosis and autophagy in the striatum to alleviate the neurodegenerative process of PD lesions

Alcohol Induces Zebrafish Skeletal Muscle Atrophy through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause alcoholic myopathy, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0.5% alcohol for eight weeks to investigate the effect of alcohol on skeletal muscle and its molecular mechanism. The results showed that the body length, body weight, cross-sectional area of the skeletal muscle fibers, Ucrit, and MO2max of the zebrafish were significantly decreased after alcohol exposure. The expression of markers of skeletal muscle atrophy and autophagy was increased, and the expression of P62 was significantly reduced. The content of ROS, the mRNA expression of sod1 and sod2, and the protein expression of Nox2 were significantly increased. In addition, we found that the inflammatory factors Il1β and Tnfα were significantly enriched in skeletal muscle, and the expression of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis was also significantly increased. In summary, in this study, we established a zebrafish model of alcohol-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and further elucidated its pathogenesis

An AGAMOUS-like factor is associated with the origin of two domesticated varieties in Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae)

Floral development: How the plum blossom orchid got its shape A single gene underlies the remarkable differences between the flowers of two varieties of the popular orchid Cymbidium sinense. Orchid flowers are highly specialized, with many unique flower structures. Although the genetics of flower development have been well-studied, they are not as well understood in orchids. Xia Huang at Sun Yat-sen University in China and coworkers studied the genetics underlying differences between a standard C. sinense flower and a flower of the “Ling-Nan-Da-Mei” or plum-blossom variety, in which the tepals (the outer petal-like structures) strongly resemble stamens (which produce pollen). They found that in the “Ling-Nan-Da-Mei” flowers, a gene that controls stamen development is also switched on in the tepals, giving them a more stamen-like shape. Studying how genetic changes affect flower form can illuminate how so many different types of flowers evolved

Influence of smooth heater size on critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of saturated pool boiling heat transfer

In order to study the influence of smooth heater size on the performance of pool boiling heat transfer, saturated boiling experiments of FC-72 were conducted on eight sized smooth silicon chips (the test surfaces are denoted as S5 similar to S30, and their dimensionless dimensions are in the range of L-h/L-c = 7 similar to 42). The bubble dynamics during boiling were observed with a high-speed camera. The results indicated that in natural convection regime, the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing heater size at a given heat flux. Besides, the larger surfaces enter into the nucleate boiling regime earlier. In a fully developed nucleate boiling regime, S5 surface displays the optimal heat transfer performance. The reality is that no vapor columns are produced even in the high heat flux range due to its small bubble departure diameter and high bubble departure frequency. For S8 similar to S15 surfaces, the wall temperatures increase continuously with the increase of heat flux, while S20 similar to S30 surfaces present a trend of first keeping constant and then increasing. The active nucleation site densities on S15 similar to S30 surfaces follow the law of N-a = 0.45q(2) in the whole nucleate boiling regime. By contrast, for S5 similar to S12 surfaces, the nucleation site densities abide by this law only in a fully developed nucleate boiling regime. In addition, the departure diameter and departure frequency of bubbles increase with the increase of heat flux for all surfaces. It is observed that with the increase of smooth heater size, CHF presents a changing trend of first increasing (in range of L-h 3 lambda(D)). Accordingly, the CHF value maximizes at the heater size L-h = lambda(D). In the segment of decreased CHF, the decline rate of CHF in range of lambda(D) < L-h <= 2 lambda(D) is larger than that in range of 2 lambda(D) < L-h <= 3 lambda(D). Meanwhile, the influencing mechanisms of heater size on CHF were explained by consideration into bubble patterns and behavior

Aerobic Exercise Facilitates the Nuclear Translocation of SREBP2 by Activating AKT/SEC24D to Contribute Cholesterol Homeostasis for Improving Cognition in APP/PS1 Mice

Impaired cholesterol synthesizing ability is considered a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as evidenced by reduced levels of key proteases in the brain that mediate cholesterol synthesis; however, cholesterol deposition has been found in neurons in tangles in the brains of AD patients. Although it has been shown that statins, which inhibit cholesterol synthesis, reduce the incidence of AD, this seems paradoxical for AD patients whose cholesterol synthesizing capacity is already impaired. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on cholesterol metabolism in the brains of APP/PS1 mice and to reveal the mechanisms by which aerobic exercise improves cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Our study demonstrates that the reduction of SEC24D protein, a component of coat protein complex II (COPII), is a key factor in the reduction of cholesterol synthesis in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. 12 weeks of aerobic exercise was able to promote the recovery of SEC24D protein levels in the brain through activation of protein kinase B (AKT), which in turn promoted the expression of mem-brane-bound sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) nuclear translocation and the expression of key proteases mediating cholesterol synthesis. Simultaneous aerobic exercise restored cholesterol transport capacity in the brain of APP/PS1 mice with the ability to efflux excess cholesterol from neurons and reduced neuronal lipid rafts, thereby reducing cleavage of the APP amyloid pathway. Our study emphasizes the potential of restoring intracerebral cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate cognitive impairment in AD patients

The Balance of Apoptosis and Autophagy via Regulation of the AMPK Signal Pathway in Aging Rat Striatum During Regular Aerobic Exercise

The objective was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on aging striatum stress resistance, and the adaptive mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, and the occurrence, and development of neural degeneration. The 10-weeks of regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention were carried out in the aerobic exercise runner Sprague-Dawley rats. Apoptotic nuclei appeared in the striatum of aged rats, showing a tendency to relate to aging. The apoptotic index of the striatum in young, middle-aged, and old-aged rats of the aerobic exercise groups increased by 205.56%, 57%, and 68.24%. Autophagy markers Beclin l and LC 3-II expression, AMPKα1 and pAMPKα1 expression increased significantly in all age-exercise groups. The ratio of AMPKα1/pAMPKα1 increased after exercise, and the tendency of exercise to alter autophagy and cell apoptosis increased with aging. Then SirT2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in the aerobic exercise runner groups. In conclusion, we showed that the balance of autophagy and apoptosis were closely regulated by regular aerobic exercise, which affected the development of aging, and via regulation of the AMPK/SirT2 signaling pathway