1-(2-Hydr­oxy-4,5-dimeth­oxyphen­yl)propan-1-one

In the title compound, C11H14O4, isolated from the stems of Trigonostemon xyphophylloides, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond helps to establish an essentially planar conformation for the mol­ecule (r.m.s. deviation = 0.044 Å)

2-Hydr­oxy-1-methoxyxanthen-9-one monohydrate

In the title compound, C14H10O4·H2O, isolated from the roots of Calophyllum membranaceum, the xanthene ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å). In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O and O—H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds connect the mol­ecules

1-(5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)ethan-1-one

The title chromene, C14H16O4, was isolated from the stems of Polyalthia plagioneura Diels. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions, generating [010] chains

2-Hy­droxy-3-nitro­benzaldehyde

The title compound, C7H5NO4, isolated from the leaves of Actephila merrilliana, is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.026 Å). The conformation is supported by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, C—H⋯O inter­actions and aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance = 3.754 (4) Å] help to establish the packing

Inhibition of HIV-1 entry by extracts derived from traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plants

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is the current HIV/AIDS treatment modality. Despite the fact that HAART is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication and reducing the mortality of HIV/AIDS patients, it has become increasingly clear that HAART does not offer an ultimate cure to HIV/AIDS. The high cost of the HAART regimen has impeded its delivery to over 90% of the HIV/AIDS population in the world. This reality has urgently called for the need to develop inexpensive alternative anti-HIV/AIDS therapy. This need has further manifested by recent clinical trial failures in anti-HIV-1 vaccines and microbicides. In the current study, we characterized a panel of extracts of traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plants for their activities against HIV-1 replication.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Crude and fractionated extracts were prepared from various parts of nine traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plants in Hainan Island, China. These extracts were first screened for their anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity in human CD4+ Jurkat cells. Then, a single-round pseudotyped HIV-luciferase reporter virus system (HIV-Luc) was used to identify potential anti-HIV mechanisms of these extracts.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two extracts, one from <it>Euphorbiaceae</it>, <it>Trigonostema xyphophylloides </it>(TXE) and one from <it>Dipterocarpaceae</it>, <it>Vatica astrotricha </it>(VAD) inhibited HIV-1 replication and syncytia formation in CD4+ Jurkat cells, and had little adverse effects on host cell proliferation and survival. TXE and VAD did not show any direct inhibitory effects on the HIV-1 RT enzymatic activity. Treatment of these two extracts during the infection significantly blocked infection of the reporter virus. However, pre-treatment of the reporter virus with the extracts and treatment of the extracts post-infection had little effects on the infectivity or gene expression of the reporter virus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrate that TXE and VAD inhibit HIV-1 replication likely by blocking HIV-1 interaction with target cells, i.e., the interaction between gp120 and CD4/CCR5 or gp120 and CD4/CXCR4 and point to the potential of developing these two extracts to be HIV-1 entry inhibitors.</p

Table_1_Elevated triglyceride-glucose-body mass index associated with lower probability of future regression to normoglycemia in Chinese adults with prediabetes: a 5-year cohort study.docx

ObjectiveDespite the clear association of TyG-BMI with prediabetes and the progression of diabetes, no study to date has examined the relationship between TyG-BMI and the reversal of prediabetes to normoglycemia.Methods25,279 participants with prediabetes who had physical examinations between 2010 and 2016 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. The relationship between baseline TyG-BMI and regression to normoglycemia from prediabetes was examined using the Cox proportional hazards regression model in this study. Additionally, the nonlinear association between TyG-BMI and the likelihood of regression to normoglycemia was investigated using the Cox proportional hazards regression with cubic spline function. Competing risk multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted, with progression to diabetes as a competing risk for prediabetes reversal to normoglycemia. Furthermore, subgroup analyses and a series of sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, the results showed that TyG-BMI was negatively associated with the probability of returning to normoglycemia (per 10 units, HR=0.970, 95% CI: 0.965, 0.976). They were also nonlinearly related, with an inflection point for TyG-BMI of 196.46. The effect size (HR) for TyG-BMI to the right of the inflection point (TyG-BMI ≥ 196.46) and the probability of return of normoglycemia was 0.962 (95% CI: 0.954, 0.970, per 10 units). In addition, the competing risks model found a negative correlation between TyG-BMI and return to normoglycemia (SHR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of our results.ConclusionThis study demonstrated a negative and nonlinear relationship between TyG-BMI and return to normoglycemia in Chinese adults with prediabetes. Through active intervention, the combined reduction of BMI and TG levels to bring TyG-BMI down to 196.46 could significantly increase the probability of returning to normoglycemia.</p