Penerapan Metode Eksperimen untuk Meningkatkan Konsep Dasar Sains pada Anak Didik Kelompok A Tk Pkk Suruhwadang Kecamatan Kademangan Kabupaten Blitar

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh tentang kemampuan kognitif anak dalamhal konsep dasar sains dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen pada anak didik kelompokA TK PKK Suruhwadang sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan tindakan. Melakukan tindakanberupa penerapan metode eksperimen untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dalamkonsep dasar sains pada anak didik kelompok A TK PKK Suruhwadang. Mengetahui adatidaknya perbedaan kemampuan konsep dasar sains dengan menggunakan metodeeksperimen pada anak didik kelompok A TK PKK Suruhwadang antara sebelum dan setelahdilakukan tindakan. Rumusan masalah pada penitilian ini adalah apakah metode eksperimendapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep dasar sains pada anak didik kelompokA TK PKK Suruhwadang Kecamatan Kademangan Kabupaten Blitar. Untuk menjawabrumusan masalah digunakan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan model Kemmisdan Taggart melalui empat tahapan yaitu tahap perencanaan , pelaksanaan, observasi danrefleksiyang dilalui dengan dua siklus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknikobservasi dan dokumentasi. Adapun instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasikegiatan anak dan lembar observasi pembelajaran oleh guru.Hasil penelitian menunjukanbahwa kemampuan kognitif anak kelompok A pada konsep dasar sain pada pra penelitianmenunjukkan prosentase 56.25%. Setelah pelaksanaan siklus I tentang bidang kemampuankognitif pada konsep dasar sains menunjukkan 59% mengalami peningkatan .Setelahpelaksanaan siklus ke II naik menjadi 83%. Hal ini menunjukkan pelaksanaan siklus ke IItelah mencapai kriteria ketuntasan dan membuktikan bahwa dengan metode eksperimendapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dalam konsep dasar sains

Gene expression levels of the top 50 ranked genes.

<p>Gene expression levels of the top 50 ranked genes.</p

Lead candidates identified from a high throughput drug screen utilizing the PDXEx screening platform.

<p>A high throughput small molecule screen was performed utilizing the Bcx087 triple negative PDXEx screening platform and the small molecule Anti-Cancer 386 Compound Library (Selleckchem). The ex vivo tumor tissue array was incubate with the drugs at 37oC for 5 days. The top hits were identified as agents having a superior anticancer effect to that of docetaxel and doxorubicin at 250nM.</p

Generation of preclinical PDX-derived ex-vivo model.

<p>(A) A freshly harvested PDX tumor from a mouse was finely chopped to release all its cellular content. The released cells are filtered to separated them form fat and necrotic tissue and tagged with a nanoparticle assembly of iron oxide and iron nanoparticles cross-linked with poly-L-lysine (NanoshuttleTM) by an overnight incubation prior to been placed under a magnetic field. (Bio-AssemblerTM) (n3D Biosciences Inc.). (B) The levitating mass of cells developed into a loose unstructured mass by day 2 of incubation and (C) into a more structured compact mass by day 4 of incubation. (D) Immunohistochemistry analysis of PDX tissue and PDXEx tissue revealed a similar tissue architecture and staining for E-cadherin, Vimentin, Ki67 and pSMAD2.</p

Layout of biological pathways common to all 3 PDX tumors.

<p>The Top 25 out of 1116 pathways are presented.</p

Comparative drug response profile between IBC PDX Bcx017 mouse model and Bcx017 PDXEx tissue model.

<p>A) Actively growing (~200–350 mm3) implants in mice were grouped and treated with the indicated drugs for 21days. The graph summarizes data from a previously published in vivo study [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0195932#pone.0195932.ref069" target="_blank">69</a>]. B) Tumor cells tagged with a nanoparticle assembly of iron oxide and iron nanoparticles cross-linked with poly-L-lysine (NanoshuttleTM) were bio-printed into ultra low attachment plates. The PDXEx bio-print was treated with the indicated drugs at the indicated dose range for 5 days.</p

Comparison of genes either similarly or differentially expressed.

<p>(A) Entire gene set divided into 4 quantiles based on their level of expression to enable determination percentage of similarly expressed genes and differentially expressed genes. (B) Coding gene set divided into 4 quantiles based on their level of expression to enable determination percentage of similarly expressed genes and differentially expressed genes.</p

Tissue characteristics of the ex-vivo tumor model.

<p>(A) Bio-printing cells–Tumor cells tagged with a nanoparticle assembly of iron oxide and iron nanoparticles cross-linked with poly-L-lysine (NanoshuttleTM) were dispensed into an ultralow attachment 96 well tissue culture plate placed on a 96 well magnetic drive (n3D Biosciences, Inc). (B) Morphology (4x magnification) of the ex-vivo tumor tissue prints after 5 days of growth at 37°C revealing uniformly sized structures. (C) Proliferative capacity of the PDXEx tissue following 5 days of culture at 37°C.</p

Differential Gene Expression in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells Revealed by a New Analytical Model of RNA-Seq Data

<div><p>Resistance to tamoxifen (Tam), a widely used antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), is a common obstacle to successful breast cancer treatment. While adjuvant therapy with Tam has been shown to significantly decrease the rate of disease recurrence and mortality, recurrent disease occurs in one third of patients treated with Tam within 5 years of therapy. A better understanding of gene expression alterations associated with Tam resistance will facilitate circumventing this problem. Using a next generation sequencing approach and a new bioinformatics model, we compared the transcriptomes of Tam-sensitive and Tam-resistant breast cancer cells for identification of genes involved in the development of Tam resistance. We identified differential expression of 1215 mRNA and 513 small RNA transcripts clustered into ERα functions, cell cycle regulation, transcription/translation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The extent of alterations found at multiple levels of gene regulation highlights the ability of the Tam-resistant cells to modulate global gene expression. Alterations of small nucleolar RNA, oxidative phosphorylation, and proliferation processes in Tam-resistant cells present areas for diagnostic and therapeutic tool development for combating resistance to this anti-estrogen agent.</p> </div

Most differentially-expressed genes revealed by both significance tests.

<p>Most differentially-expressed genes revealed by both significance tests.</p