Urgensi Pengaturan Injunction dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Perdata

The concept of injunction in common law countries is similar to the concept of provision, confiscation, and provisional determination so that the concept of injunction can be used to complete the deficiencies of provision, confiscation, and provisional determination. This research examines injunction arrangements in common law countries, in this case, the United States and Singapore, which are then transplanted into Indonesian law through the Indonesian Civil Procedure Bill. The research method was carried out normatively and then explained descriptively accompanied by a prescription on how provision, confiscation, and provisional determination should be regulated in Indonesia. Arrangements for provision, confiscation, and provisional determination are still scattered in various laws and even most of the Dutch colonial legacies are used without an official translation. This condition causes legal uncertainty that can be detrimental to justice seekers. The state’s efforts in establishing a unique Indonesian civil procedural law can be seen through the Indonesian Civil Procedure Bill. This bill also contains a concept similar to an injunction. The bill, which is expected to eliminate legal uncertainty for justice seekers, still does not specify a concept similar to the injunction in Indonesia.Konsep injunction di negara-negara common law memiliki kemiripan dengan konsep provisi, penyitaan, dan penetapan sementara sehingga konsep injunction tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk melengkapi kekurangan dari provisi, penyitaan, dan penetapan sementara. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaturan injunction di negara- negara common law dalam hal ini Amerika Serikat dan Singapura kemudian ditransplantasikan ke dalam hukum Indonesia melalui RUU Hukum Acara Perdata. Metode penelitian dilakukan secara normatif kemudian diterangkan secara deskriptif disertai dengan preskripsi tentang bagaimana seharusnya pengaturan provisi, penyitaan, dan penetapan sementara di Indonesia. Pengaturan provisi, penyitaan, dan penetapan sementara masih tersebar di berbagai undang-undang bahkan sebagian besar peninggalan kolonial Belanda yang dipakai tanpa adanya terjemahan resmi. Kondisi ini menyebabkan terjadinya ketidakpastian hukum yang dapat merugikan para pencari keadilan. Upaya negara dalam membentuk suatu hukum acara perdata khas Indonesia dapat dilihat melalui RUU Hukum Acara Perdata. RUU ini juga mengandung konsep yang mirip dengan injuction. RUU yang diharapkan dapat menghapuskan ketidakpastian hukum bagi para pencari keadilan masih tidak merinci konsep serupa injunction di Indonesia

Probabilistic Phase Labeling and Lattice Refinement for Autonomous Material Research

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an essential technique to determine a material's crystal structure in high-throughput experimentation, and has recently been incorporated in artificially intelligent agents in autonomous scientific discovery processes. However, rapid, automated and reliable analysis method of XRD data matching the incoming data rate remains a major challenge. To address these issues, we present CrystalShift, an efficient algorithm for probabilistic XRD phase labeling that employs symmetry-constrained pseudo-refinement optimization, best-first tree search, and Bayesian model comparison to estimate probabilities for phase combinations without requiring phase space information or training. We demonstrate that CrystalShift provides robust probability estimates, outperforming existing methods on synthetic and experimental datasets, and can be readily integrated into high-throughput experimental workflows. In addition to efficient phase-mapping, CrystalShift offers quantitative insights into materials' structural parameters, which facilitate both expert evaluation and AI-based modeling of the phase space, ultimately accelerating materials identification and discovery.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Visualizing the ultra-structure of microorganisms using table-top extreme ultraviolet imaging

Table-top extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscopy offers unique opportunities for label-free investigation of biological samples. Here, we demonstrate ptychographic EUV imaging of two dried, unstained model specimens: germlings of a fungus (Aspergillus nidulans), and bacteria (Escherichia coli) cells at 13.5 nm wavelength. We find that the EUV spectral region, which to date has not received much attention for biological imaging, offers sufficient penetration depths for the identification of intracellular features. By implementing a position-correlated ptychography approach, we demonstrate a millimeter-squared field of view enabled by infrared illumination combined with sub-60 nm spatial resolution achieved with EUV illumination on selected regions of interest. The strong element contrast at 13.5 nm wavelength enables the identification of the nanoscale material composition inside the specimens. Our work will advance and facilitate EUV imaging applications and enable further possibilities in life science

Optical Identification of Materials Transformations in Oxide Thin Films

Recent advances in high-throughput experimentation for combinatorial studies have accelerated the discovery and analysis of materials across a wide range of compositions and synthesis conditions. However, many of the more powerful characterization methods are limited by speed, cost, availability, and/or resolution. To make efficient use of these methods, there is value in developing approaches for identifying critical compositions and conditions to be used as a-priori knowledge for follow-up characterization with high-precision techniques, such as micron-scale synchrotron based X-ray diffraction (XRD). Here we demonstrate the use of optical microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy to identify likely phase-change boundaries in thin film libraries. These methods are used to delineate possible metastable phase boundaries following lateral-gradient Laser Spike Annealing (lg-LSA) of oxide materials. The set of boundaries are then compared with definitive determinations of structural transformations obtained using high-resolution XRD. We demonstrate that the optical methods detect more than 95% of the structural transformations in a composition-gradient La-Mn-O library and a Ga$_2$O$_3$ sample, both subject to an extensive set of lg-LSA anneals. Our results provide quantitative support for the value of optically-detected transformations as a priori data to guide subsequent structural characterization, ultimately accelerating and enhancing the efficient implementation of $\mu$m-resolution XRD experiments

Influence of the Solvent Quality on Ring Polymer Dimensions

We present a systematic investigation of well-characterized, experimentally pure polystyrene (PS) rings with molar mass of 161 000 g/mol in dilute solutions. We measure the ring form factor at θ - and good-solvent conditions as well as in a polymeric solvent (linear PS of roughly comparable molar mass) by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Additional dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements support the SANS data and help elucidate the role of solvent quality and solution preparation. The results indicate the increase of ring dimensions as the solvent quality improves. Furthermore, the experimental form factors in both θ -solvent and linear matrix behave as ideal rings and are fully superimposable. The nearly Gaussian conformations of rings in a melt of linear chains provide evidence of threading of linear chains through rings. The latter result has implications for the dynamics of ring-linear polymer mixtures

The Evolutionary and Phylogeographic History of Woolly Mammoths: A Comprehensive Mitogenomic Analysis

Near the end of the Pleistocene epoch, populations of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) were distributed across parts of three continents, from western Europe and northern Asia through Beringia to the Atlantic seaboard of North America. Nonetheless, questions about the connectivity and temporal continuity of mammoth populations and species remain unanswered. We use a combination of targeted enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to assemble and interpret a data set of 143 mammoth mitochondrial genomes, sampled from fossils recovered from across their Holarctic range. Our dataset includes 54 previously unpublished mitochondrial genomes and significantly increases the coverage of the Eurasian range of the species. The resulting global phylogeny confirms that the Late Pleistocene mammoth population comprised three distinct mitochondrial lineages that began to diverge ∼1.0-2.0 million years ago (Ma). We also find that mammoth mitochondrial lineages were strongly geographically partitioned throughout the Pleistocene. In combination, our genetic results and the pattern of morphological variation in time and space suggest that male-mediated gene flow, rather than large-scale dispersals, was important in the Pleistocene evolutionary history of mammoths

US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017: Community Report

This white paper summarizes the workshop "U.S. Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter" held at University of Maryland on March 23-25, 2017.Comment: 102 pages + reference