33 research outputs found
An Introduction to Chiral Symmetry on the Lattice
The chiral symmetry of QCD is of central
importance for the nonperturbative low-energy dynamics of light quarks and
gluons. Lattice field theory provides a theoretical framework in which these
dynamics can be studied from first principles. The implementation of chiral
symmetry on the lattice is a nontrivial issue. In particular, local lattice
fermion actions with the chiral symmetry of the continuum theory suffer from
the fermion doubling problem. The Ginsparg-Wilson relation implies L\"uscher's
lattice variant of chiral symmetry which agrees with the usual one in the
continuum limit. Local lattice fermion actions that obey the Ginsparg-Wilson
relation have an exact chiral symmetry, the correct axial anomaly, they obey a
lattice version of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, and still they do not
suffer from the notorious doubling problem. The Ginsparg-Wilson relation is
satisfied exactly by Neuberger's overlap fermions which are a limit of Kaplan's
domain wall fermions, as well as by Hasenfratz and Niedermayer's classically
perfect lattice fermion actions. When chiral symmetry is nonlinearly realized
in effective field theories on the lattice, the doubling problem again does not
arise. This review provides an introduction to chiral symmetry on the lattice
with an emphasis on the basic theoretical framework.Comment: (41 pages, to be published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. Vol. 53, issue
1 (2004)
Meron-Cluster Simulation of a Chiral Phase Transition with Staggered Fermions
We examine a (3+1)-dimensional model of staggered lattice fermions with a
four-fermion interaction and Z(2) chiral symmetry using the Hamiltonian
formulation. This model cannot be simulated with standard fermion algorithms
because those suffer from a very severe sign problem. We use a new fermion
simulation technique - the meron-cluster algorithm - which solves the sign
problem and leads to high-precision numerical data. We investigate the finite
temperature chiral phase transition and verify that it is in the universality
class of the 3-d Ising model using finite-size scaling.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure
Green's Functions from Quantum Cluster Algorithms
We show that cluster algorithms for quantum models have a meaning independent
of the basis chosen to construct them. Using this idea, we propose a new method
for measuring with little effort a whole class of Green's functions, once a
cluster algorithm for the partition function has been constructed. To explain
the idea, we consider the quantum XY model and compute its two point Green's
function in various ways, showing that all of them are equivalent. We also
provide numerical evidence confirming the analytic arguments. Similar
techniques are applicable to other models. In particular, in the recently
constructed quantum link models, the new technique allows us to construct
improved estimators for Wilson loops and may lead to a very precise
determination of the glueball spectrum.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX, with four figures. Added preprint numbe
From Spin Ladders to the 2-d O(3) Model at Non-Zero Density
The numerical simulation of various field theories at non-zero chemical
potential suffers from severe complex action problems. In particular, QCD at
non-zero quark density can presently not be simulated for that reason. A
similar complex action problem arises in the 2-d O(3) model -- a toy model for
QCD. Here we construct the 2-d O(3) model at non-zero density via dimensional
reduction of an antiferromagnetic quantum spin ladder in a magnetic field. The
complex action problem of the 2-d O(3) model manifests itself as a sign problem
of the ladder system. This sign problem is solved completely with a
meron-cluster algorithm.Comment: Based on a talk by U.-J. Wiese, 6 pages, 12 figures, to be published
in computer physics communication
Rotor Spectra, Berry Phases, and Monopole Fields: from Antiferromagnets to QCD
The order parameter of a finite system with a spontaneously broken continuous
global symmetry acts as a quantum mechanical rotor. Both antiferromagnets with
a spontaneously broken spin symmetry and massless QCD with a broken
chiral symmetry have rotor spectra when considered in
a finite volume. When an electron or hole is doped into an antiferromagnet or
when a nucleon is propagating through the QCD vacuum, a Berry phase arises from
a monopole field and the angular momentum of the rotor is quantized in
half-integer units.Comment: 4 page
Solution of the Complex Action Problem in the Potts Model for Dense QCD
Monte Carlo simulations of lattice QCD at non-zero baryon chemical potential
suffer from the notorious complex action problem. We consider QCD with
static quarks coupled to a large chemical potential. This leaves us with an
SU(3) Yang-Mills theory with a complex action containing the Polyakov loop.
Close to the deconfinement phase transition the qualitative features of this
theory, in particular its Z(3) symmetry properties, are captured by the 3-d
3-state Potts model. We solve the complex action problem in the Potts model by
using a cluster algorithm. The improved estimator for the -dependent part
of the Boltzmann factor is real and positive and is used for importance
sampling. We localize the critical endpoint of the first order deconfinement
phase transition line and find consistency with universal 3-d Ising behavior.
We also calculate the static quark-quark, quark-anti-quark, and
anti-quark-anti-quark potentials which show screening as expected for a system
with non-zero baryon density.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figure
Meron-Cluster Approach to Systems of Strongly Correlated Electrons
Numerical simulations of strongly correlated electron systems suffer from the
notorious fermion sign problem which has prevented progress in understanding if
systems like the Hubbard model display high-temperature superconductivity. Here
we show how the fermion sign problem can be solved completely with
meron-cluster methods in a large class of models of strongly correlated
electron systems, some of which are in the extended Hubbard model family and
show s-wave superconductivity. In these models we also find that on-site
repulsion can even coexist with a weak chemical potential without introducing
sign problems. We argue that since these models can be simulated efficiently
using cluster algorithms they are ideal for studying many of the interesting
phenomena in strongly correlated electron systems.Comment: 36 Pages, 13 figures, plain Late