Driver Drowsiness Detection System

In recent years’ driver fatigue is one of the major causes of vehicle accidents in the world. A direct way of measuring driver fatigue is measuring the state of the driver i.e. drowsiness. So it is very important to detect the drowsiness of the driver to save life and property. This project is aimed towards developing a prototype of drowsiness detection system. This system is a real time system which captures image continuously and measures the state of the eye according to the specified algorithm and gives warning if required. Though there are several methods for measuring the drowsiness but this approach is completely non-intrusive which does not affect the driver in any way, hence giving the exact condition of the driver. For detection of drowsiness the per closure value of eye is considered. So when the closure of eye exceeds a certain amount then the driver is identified to be sleepy. For implementing this system several OpenCv libraries are used including Haar-cascade. The entire system is implemented using Raspberry-Pi

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF SCRAMJET COMBUSTORS - A COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI-ONE DIMENSIONAL AND 2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

1-D simulations based on the quasi-one-dimensional equations of fluid motion plus an ignition delay model and 2-D numerical simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations have been performed for two different scramjet combustors. The combustor configurations at DLR and NASA's SCHOLAR Supersonic Combustor have been used as test cases for the 1-D and 2-D simulations. Comparisons between the published 3-D computational and experimental results and quasi-one-dimensional and 2-D simulations have been performed. The quasi-one dimensional modeling of NASA's SCHOLAR supersonic combustor captures the trends in Mach number, static pressure and static temperature for both cold flow and combustion case. The comparison with experimental result for combustion case reveals a close agreement with the pressure peak and the presence of an ignition delay. Thus, 1-D simulation very closely predicts the flow evolution within the combustor. On the other hand, for DLR supersonic combustor, due to the lack of oblique wave (i.e. shock waves and expansion waves) and shear dominated viscous flow simulation, 1-D model severely fails to predict the trend followed by the experimental result along the centerline of the combustor. However, the 1-D model is able to match the overall flow velocity achieved within the combustor downstream of the wedge at approximately six wedge chord lengths

Ultrasound findings in knee of patients of osteoarthritis and their correlation with pain

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder, with the knee being one of the most frequently involved sites. Conventional radiography (CR), hitherto the primary imaging tool in OA, shows late and indirect findings. Ultrasound (US), on the other hand, offers the possibility to depict different structures within the knee. The main objectives of this study is to asses correlation of Ultrasonography (USG) findings of OA knees and pain assessed in each knee using a numerical rating scale (NRS) from 0 to 10.Methods: This study was a single center cross sectional observational study. Patients presenting to rheumatology clinic between February 2017 to March 2017 and satisfying ACR clinical criteria for osteoarthritis of knees were taken. Pain assessed in each knee using NRS. USG evaluation of painful knee was done using standard protocols.Results: In this study, 9 patients and 17 knees were examined. The mean age was 65.7 yrs with more females (66%) as compared to males (33.3%), mean disease duration was 6 yrs with majority of patients (88%) on pain reliever medications (NSAIDS). Ultrasound showed that synovitis and osteophytes has negative correlation with pain score (r=-0.06, r-.09). Presence of cartilage loss had slightly higher correlation with pain score (r=0.18). The meniscal protrusion (r value 0.15) is associated slight correlation with pain score.Conclusions: Ultrasound can assess many soft tissue pathologies which cannot be seen on conventional radiography, however the importance of these soft tissue pathologies is uncertain and remains to be determined. In this study we could not find any significant correlation between pain and ultrasound findings

Biosimilar etanercept: a real world safety and patient related outcomes from a single centre

Background: Biosimilars are expected to provide affordable and quality treatment equivalent to the biologics in various rheumatic disorders. Presently, the data available on the safety and effectiveness of biosimilars is very scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the safety profile of intended biosimilar of etanercept developed by Intas pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Intacept) in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathy (SpA), ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Methods: In single center, retrospective observational study, all patients were enrolled in routine clinical practice     who received Intended biosimilar of Etanercept (Intacept) and the following data was collected. Basic demographic profile, disease and duration of therapy, any adverse event, patient’s global assessment of disease activity on visual analogue scale (0 to 100), patient’s overall experience with Intended biosimilar etanercept (Intacept).Results: Total 70 patients were enrolled (41males and 29 females) having RA (42), AS (11), SpA (13), JIA (2) AND PsA (2). The mean duration of follow up was 8±1.7 months. 10% patients reported adverse events like injection site pain (4.29%), fever (2.86%), redness (1.42%) and weight gain (1.42%). 45% patients had LTBI screen positive and were initiated on chemoprophylaxis with Rifampicin and INH 4weeks prior to Intacept. About 24% of patients dropped due to various reasons like affordability issue (5.7%), inadequate response (8.6%), no response (10%) and side effects (5.7%). 51.4% patients observed more than 50% improvement in global disease activity with Intacept while 10% patients did not get any response with the treatment. 77.2% patients perceived the overall therapy with Intacept as excellent, very good, good or OK while 22.8% patients rated Intacept therapy as non-satisfactory.Conclusions: The study leads to the conclusion that Intended biosimilar of etanercept (Intacept) was safe and well tolerated in various rheumatic disorders in a real-world scenario

Orality and the sixteen Vedic Sanskaras.

Thesis (M.A.) - University of Natal, Durban, 1995.In this dissertation an examination of oral style in the Sixteen Vedic Sanskaras with particular reference to the Naming, Marriage and Death ceremonies, has been made. Sanskaras, which originated in the Vedas, have been orally transmitted from teacher (Guru) to pupil from generation to generation. The Introduction outlines the role of Sanskaras in the life of a Hindu and its link with the ancient Vedas. The oral features that facilitate memorisation and transmission of the Mantras are mentioned. The three universal anthropological laws of Marcel Jousse are applied. The first chapter focuses on the theoretical framework of orality where important terms are defined. The contribution of Marcel Jousse and Ong are highlighted. The orality-literacy continuum is elaborated upon. The important role of memory skills as a facilitator of the transmission of knowledge is explained. The second chapter deals with the origin and the classification of Vedic literature. The role of the Sacred Fire (Yajna) in Sanskaras is emphasized. It is around this ritual fire that the ceremony and the oral traditions revolve. The fire is central to all the rites and ceremonies and the litanies constantly refer to the fire as the vehicle of transmitting the aspirations of the devotee to God. The third chapter states the reason for the choice of the topic and summarises each of the sixteen Vedic Sanskaras. This is followed by the identification of oral elements in the Naming ceremony. The evidence of orality in the marriage ceremony features in chapter four initially establishing the importance of the marriage ceremony and thereafter outlining the essential steps of a Hindu marriage. The death ceremony is described in chapter five with special reference to evidence of oral style expression therein. The conclusion emphasizes the role of orality in keeping alive the Hindu tradition and customs. It also augurs well for further research in Vedic literature

Issues in Routing Mechanism for Packets Forwarding: A Survey

Nowadays internet has become more popular to each and every one. It is very sensitive to nodes or links failure due to many known or unknown issues in the network connectivity. Routing is the important concept in wired and wireless network for packet transmission. During the packet transmission many times some of the problems occur, due to this packets are being lost or nodes not able to transmit the packets to the specific destination. This paper discusses various issues and approaches related to the routing mechanism. In this paper, we present a review and comparison of different routing algorithms and protocols proposed recently in order to address various issues. The main purpose of this study is to address issues for packet forwarding like network control management, load balancing, congestion control, convergence time and instability. We also focus on the impact of these issues on packet forwarding

Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms (CND) for Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Multivariate nutrient diagnostic norms were developed for guava using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) through leaf nutrient concentration vs. yield data bank. CND norms for N (VN), P (VP) and K (VK) were 2.48, 0.23 and 2.13, respectively. Norms for N and K were much higher compared to P, indicating higher requirement of these two nutrients. CND norms are multivariate norms that consider all elements, including unmeasured factors and, therefore, has higher diagnostic sensitivity. Among micronutrients, Fe requirement was much higher than all other nutrients. Interaction among different nutrients was explained by principal component analysis conducted on log-transformed data which produced four significant PCs, explaining about 73.66% of the variance. The four Eigen values added up to 8.1 denoting the four significant PCs. The first PC was positively correlated with P, Zn and R (residue, which is a reflection of dry matter accumulation in the plant) and negatively correlated with Ca, Mg, S and Fe, indicating that P and Zn behaved in one direction and the other elements in opposite direction. In the second PC, antagonistic effect of N, Fe with P and Cu was evident. In PC3, P and Mg were negatively correlated with Mn and Cu. In PC4, N and S showed their behaviour in the same direction. Diagnostic norms developed were used for identification of yield-limiting nutrients in low-yielding orchards. Thus, diagnostic norms and nutrient interactions help evolve nutrient management strategies for guava to realize higher yields and better quality

Augmented BIB Design-An Alternative Statistical Design in Germplasm Evaluation Trials

Randomized Block Design (RBD) is commonly employed to evaluate a set of germplasm accessions (test treatments) along with local checks. In such a trial, if the test treatments under evaluation are more in number and the availability of the seeds is limited, then an alternate experimental design has to be employed. As a remedy, Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which estimates treatments contrasts with more precision and the treatments are not repeated in all the blocks, unlike RBD, may be used. Such a constructed layout, not only saves the precious seed material of the test treatments, but also directly reduces the cost of all the related inputs such as labour, water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. Foregoing thoughts were elucidated in the evaluation of 100 accessions of okra along with four check varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and PB-7) evaluated using Augmented BIB Design with six blocks in the Division of Vegetable crops at I.I.H.R., Bangalore during Kharif 2005. Results showed that by adopting BIB experimental design, instead of regular complete block design 60.2% of the land area required for conducting germplasm evaluation in Okra had been reduced

Clinical Outcomes of Colonic Stent in a Tertiary Care Center

Introduction. Colonic obstruction is one of the manifestations of colon cancer for which self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been effectively used, to restore the luminal patency either for palliative care or as a bridge to resective surgery. The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of large diameter SEMS in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Methods and Results. A four-year retrospective review of the Medical Archival System was performed and identified 16 patients. The average age was 70.8 years, of which 56% were females. The most common cause of obstruction was colon cancer (9/16, 56%). Rectosigmoid was the main site of obstruction (9/16) and complete obstruction occurred in 31% of cases. The overall technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 87%, respectively. There were no immediate complications (<24 hours), but stent stenosis due to kinking occurred within one week of stent placement in 2 patients. Stent migration occurred in 2 patients at 34 and 91 days, respectively. There were no perforations or bleeding complications. Conclusion. Large diameter SEMS provide a safe method for palliation or as a bridge to therapy in patients with malignant colonic obstruction with high technical success and very low complication rates