Comparison of bone marrow aspirate cytology, touch imprint cytology and trephine biopsy for bone marrow evaluation

Studies have compared the role of bone marrow aspirate cytology and trephine biopsy for diagnosing various hematological disorders but fewer studies have compared the relative value of imprint cytology with aspirate and trephine biopsy. The present study was conducted to compare the role of bone marrow aspirate, touch imprint and trephine biopsy to formulate an effective and rapid method for diagnosing wide spectrum of hematological diseases. The study included total 565 cases of bone marrow examination from January 2006 till May 2010. All the smears and sections were reviewed for morphological details and findings on aspirate, imprint and biopsy were compared to each other. The diagnostic accuracy of bone marrow aspirate was 77.5%, imprint cytology 83.7% and that of biopsy was of 99.2%. The study showed 78% positive correlation between aspirate and biopsy and 84.3% between imprint and biopsy; 93.3% cases of metastatic solid tumors were correctly diagnosed on imprint while only 70% cases were diagnosed on aspirate cytology. The study concludes that all the three preparations of aspirate, imprint and biopsy complement each other. The assessment of iron status by Perl's stain is most suitable on aspirate smears but trephine biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing granulomatous inflammation and hypoplastic/ aplastic anemia. Meticulously prepared imprint smears not only provide cellular composition of marrow but may also be helpful in defining the architecture of marrow especially in cases of metastatic solid tumors. Imprint cytology smears should be standard practice for evaluating any marrow

Role of fine needle aspiration cytology and cytohistopathological co-relation in thyroid lesions: experience at a tertiary care centre of North India

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology is considered to be simple and cost effective technique for diagnosis of thyroid lesions. However the common limitations which may be encountered in FNAC may be associated with sampling error, dual pathology, cystic change or misinterpretation of morphology. The present study was therefore conducted to study the role of FNAC in diagnosis of thyroid lesions and to study the diagnostic pitfalls which may be encountered that limit the diagnosis of thyroid lesions.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted which included all the cases of thyroid lesions in which FNAC was done either directly or under image guidance over a period of five years. The cytomorphological diagnosis was correlated with histopathology to assess the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in diagnosis of thyroid lesions.Results: Colloid goitre was the most common benign thyroid lesion while papillary carcinoma was the most common carcinoma constituting 50.2% and 5.2% of total cases. The maximum cyto-histopathological discordance was observed in cases of autoimmune thyroiditis (38%) and papillary carcinoma was most common lesion which was underdiagnosed on FNAC.Conclusions: The study concludes that although FNAC is safe, cost effective and sensitive technique for diagnosis of thyroid lesions but vigilant cyto-morphological interpretation in association with skilful aspiration and clinic-radiological co-relation is essential to avoid diagnostic pitfalls. This is even more important in cases showing focal neoplastic pathology or presence of dual pathology. Repeat image guided FNAC with clinical follow up is recommended in cases with strong clinical suspicion of malignancy

Synthesis and characterisation of CoFe2O4 + CaCu3Ti4O12composite of ferrite

Composite of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and CCTO are fabricated by chemical route method and its dielectric and structural properties are investigated. The composite powder fired at and above 8000c and have perovskite structure. The composite then formed pellet and sintered at 9000C. It possess of both magnetic as well as dielectric property simultaneously. With X-ray diffraction, the phase transformation is confirmed. By the help of SEM characterization, the surface morphology of composite is confirmed. With EDAX images the percentage of elements in composite is also confirmed.Its dielectric properties have been studied in the temperature range 300-700 K. It is found that dielectric constant (ɛ) increases with increase in temperature.The dielectric loss increases with increase in temperature, irrespective of CCTO transition temperature, that ensures the semiconducting nature or thermally activated mechanism of conduction in the composites

(α, β)-Zb-Geraghty type contraction in b-metric-like spaces via b-simulation function

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of (α, β)-Zb-Geraghty type contraction via b-simulation function and use this contraction to establish a common fixed point theorem for a pair of self-mappings in the context of a b-metric-like space. Our result extends and generalizes the result of Matthews [21], Khojasteh et al. [20], Demma et al. [15], Chandok [12] and some others also. We deduce some corollaries from our main result and provide examples to illustrate our results. Moreover, we apply our result to obtain a solution of second order differential equation.Publisher's Versio

Prevalence and distribution of various human papillomavirus genotypes in women with high risk for cervical carcinoma

Background: In India, cervical cancer is second most common cancer in women and is the second most common cause of death due to cancers in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly genotype 16 and 18, are responsible for most of the precancerous lesions of cervix and for cervical cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the spread of HPV infection and its early treatment to decrease cervical cancer associated morbidity and mortality. Aims of this study was to find out the prevalence and distribution of various HPV genotypes in women high risk for cervical carcinoma. To find correlation between HPV DNA test and cytology report.Methods: An observational study was done on a total of 384 women who were at a high risk for cervical cancer.  Ectocervix and endocervix samples for conventional cytology along with cervical swab collection for HPV DNA isolation were obtained from women aged 21-65 years. Multiplex real time PCR used for HPV DNA isolation and genotyping and Bethseda classification 2014 was used for reporting cytology. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and Microsoft excel 2010 software. Data assessment was done using independent t-test, Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.Results: Prevalence of HPV in women high risk for cervical cancer in our study was 14.58%. Most common high-risk genotypes were HPV 18 (7.03%) followed by HPV 16 (6.51%). All genotypes except genotype 31, were more frequently seen as a single infection rather than a multiple infection. In 323 subjects which were negative for Pap smear, 31 were positive for HPV DNA showing a statistically significant result with a p value of <0.0001.Conclusions: It was analysed that infection with HPV is very common (9.60%) even in women who had a negative Pap smear test showing a positive correlation between the two tests. HPV DNA testing can improve the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial lesions

Clinico hematological profile of pancytopenia in pediatric patients: an institutional experience in North Himalayan region of India

Background: Pancytopenia is a common clinical pattern with an extensive differential diagnosis, but literature search shows only limited studies of pancytopenia in Pediatrics patients in Uttarakhand state of India. The present study was therefore conducted to study the spectrum of pancytopenia with bone marrow and haematological profile in Pediatrics patients in this north Himalayan state of India.Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics in the teaching institute situated in Uttarakhand state of India over a period of 12 months. The study included all the patients of pancytopenia below 18 years of age who underwent bone marrow examination after written informed consent.Results: The study included total 50 pediatrics patients of pancytopenia with male to female ratio of 1.38:1. The mean age of patients was 10.58±4.94 with median age of 12 years. Mean hemoglobin was 5.31±2.09 g/dl, total leukocyte count was 2492.68±941.76/mm3, platelet count was 34724±26423/mm3, mean corpuscular volume was 90.95±16.65 fl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin was 30.11±6.07 pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 33.06±1.65% and reticulocyte count was 1.21±1.10%. Nutritional deficiency (28%) was the most common cause for pancytopenia followed by aplastic anemia (24%). Megaloblastic anemia was the commonest cause of nutritional deficiency anemia (71.42%) with pancytopenia.Conclusions: Pancytopenia is an important presentation in Pediatrics population with the most common cause being nutritional anemia and aplastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is the commonest cause of nutritional anemia with pancytopenia. The clinicians should be aware of spectrum of pancytopenia with clinical and haematological presentation in Pediatrics patients of this region so as to avoid unnecessary work ups and delay in treatment

Visceral Leishmaniasis with Associated Common, Uncommon, and Atypical Morphological Features on Bone Marrow Aspirate Cytology in Nonendemic Region

Objectives. The present study was conducted to categorise the morphological features on bone marrow aspirate cytology into common, uncommon, and atypical features in a nonendemic region which would be helpful in clinching an early and correct diagnosis especially in clinically unsuspected cases. Methods. The morphological features on bone marrow were categorized into common, uncommon, and atypical in cases of leishmaniasis from non endemic region. Results. Out of total 27 cases, 77.7% were residents of places at the height of 500 m or above and fever was the most common presentation followed by hepatosplenomegaly. Plasmacytosis, hemophagocytosis were the common cytological features while dysmyelopoiesis, presence of leishmania bodies in nonhistiocytic cells, and granuloma with necrosis were uncommon features. Aggregates of LD bodies in form of ring, floret, or strap shapes along with giant cells constitute the atypical morphological features. Conclusion. The knowledge of common, uncommon, and atypical features on bone marrow aspirate cytology is helpful in clinching an early and correct diagnosis of leishmaniasis especially in non endemic areas where clinical suspicion is low. These features will guide the pathologist for vigilant search of LD bodies in the marrow for definite diagnosis and thus will also be helpful in preventing unnecessary workups

IDENTIFY SCHEME GRADE FOR PORTABLE APPLICATIONS

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Lactic acid production from cassava fibrous residue using lactobacillus plantarum mtcc 1407

Abstract: During extraction of starch from cassava, fibrous residue is a major waste released into the environment. Owing to the high starch content (60-65% on dry weight basis) and organic matter of cassava fibrous residue (CFR), an attempt has been made to utilize it for the production of lactic acid (LA) in semi-solid state fermentation using Mann Rogassa Sharpe medium containing [5 % (wv -1 )] CFR in lieu of glucose [2 % (wv -1 )] as the carbon source. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of main variables, i.e. incubation period, temperature and pH on LA production. The experimental results showed that the optimum incubation period, temperature and pH were 120 hr, 35 0 C and 6.5, respectively. Maximum starch conversion by Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407 to LA was 63.3%. The organism produced 29.86 g of (L+) LA from 60 g of starch present in 100 g of CFR. The LA production yield (i.e. mass LA produced mass starch present in CFR -1 x 100) was 49.76 %