Time to address the double inequality of differences in dietary intake between Scotland and England

Geographical disparities in health outcomes have been evident across the UK for decades. There is limited recent analysis on the dietary differences between Scotland and England that might go some way to explain these health differences. This study aimed to assess whether, and to what degree, aspects of diet and nutrition differ between Scottish and English populations, specifically between those with similar household incomes. Twelve years of UK food purchase data (2001-2012) were pooled and used to estimate household level consumption data for Scotland and England. Population mean food consumption and nutrient intakes were estimated, adjusting for known confounders (year, age of household reference person, age they left full-time education and income). Comparison was also made within equivalised income quintiles. Analysis showed that the foods and nutrients that should be increased in the diet (highlighted in the Scottish Dietary Goals) were lower in Scotland than England (e.g. fruit and vegetables 267g/day (99%CI 259-274g/day) vs. 298g/day (99%CI 296-301g/day), P<0.001). Likewise, foods and drinks linked with poor health outcomes were higher in Scotland. These regional inequalities in diet were even more pronounced in the lower income groups (e.g. red and processed meat consumption in the lowest income quintile was 65g/day (99% CI 61-69g/day) in Scotland vs. 58g/day (99% CI 57-60g/day) in England, P<0.001, but similar in the highest income quintile (58g/day (99%CI 54-61 g/day) vs. 59g/day (99% CI 58-60 g/day) respectively). A poorer diet in Scotland compared to England, particularly among disadvantaged groups, may contribute to differences in excess mortality between countries

Identifying dietary differences between Scotland and England:a rapid review of the literature

Rates of premature mortality have been higher in Scotland than in England since the 1970s. Given the known association of diet with chronic disease, the study objective was to identify and synthesise evidence on current and historical differences in food and nutrient intakes in Scotland and England.A rapid review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature was carried out. After an initial scoping search, Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Relevant grey literature was also included. Inclusion criteria were: any date; measures of dietary intake; representative populations; cross-sectional or observational cohort studies; and English-language publications. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. A narrative synthesis of extracted information was conducted.Fifty publications and reports were included in the review. Results indicated that children and adults in Scotland had lower intakes of vegetables and vitamins compared with those living in England. Higher intakes of salt in Scotland were also identified. Data were limited by small Scottish samples, difficulty in finding England-level data, lack of statistical testing and adjustment for key confounders.Further investigation of adequately powered and analysed surveys is required to examine more fully dietary differences between Scotland and England. This would provide greater insight into potential causes of excess mortality in Scotland compared with England and suitable policy recommendations to address these inequalities

Go Skate!: The Physiological Responses and Perception of Training on Inline Skates

It is unclear how inline skate training affects the performance and enjoyment of other modes of exercises. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine if inline skating is an effective and enjoyable alternative method of exercise when compared to running and using the elliptical. METHODS: Each participant\u27s functional movement, body composition, and efficiency in running, skating, and using the elliptical was assessed before and after the skate training program at 80% of each participant\u27s age-predicted heart rate. The skate training program consisted of three 45-minute training sessions for 6 weeks. After all training and testing was completed each participant was given a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of enjoyment and preferred method of exercise. A repeated measures ANOVA in IBM SPSS was used to analyze the differences between pre- and post-tests on exercise efficiency, body composition, and functional movement. RESULTS: While there were no significant differences in weight or resting heart rate, there was a significant change in blood pressure, body fat percentage and lean mass. There were also significant improvements in the elliptical average heart rate, the skate VO2 and the distance traveled during skating. In addition, there was significant improvement in the FMS trunk stability push-up. All of the subjects considered participating in inline skating in the future. CONCLUSION: Inline skating is an enjoyable method of exercise that also provides an effective workout that carries over to other forms of exercise, and improves core strength.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2017/1001/thumbnail.jp

Go Skate!: The Physiological Responses and Perception of Training on Inline Skates

It is unclear how inline skate training affects the performance and enjoyment of other modes of exercises. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine if inline skating is an effective and enjoyable alternative method of exercise when compared to running and using the elliptical. METHODS: Each participant\u27s functional movement, body composition, and efficiency in running, skating, and using the elliptical was assessed before and after the skate training program at 80% of each participant\u27s age-predicted heart rate. The skate training program consisted of three 45-minute training sessions for 6 weeks. After all training and testing was completed each participant was given a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of enjoyment and preferred method of exercise. A repeated measures ANOVA in IBM SPSS was used to analyze the differences between pre- and post-tests on exercise efficiency, body composition, and functional movement. RESULTS: While there were no significant differences in weight or resting heart rate, there was a significant change in blood pressure, body fat percentage and lean mass. There were also significant improvements in the elliptical average heart rate, the skate VO2 and the distance traveled during skating. In addition, there was significant improvement in the FMS trunk stability push-up. All of the subjects considered participating in inline skating in the future. CONCLUSION: Inline skating is an enjoyable method of exercise that also provides an effective workout that carries over to other forms of exercise, and improves core strength.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2017/1001/thumbnail.jp

Cardiorespiratory Responses and Gender Differences Between Exercising on the Simply Fit Board and the Ab Rocket Twister

One of the biggest problems in fitness is finding a workout method that is effective yet enjoyable. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the Simply Fit Board and Ab Rocket Twister across genders and ultimately to determine which product is more enjoyable. METHODS: Heart rate, Rate of Perceived Exertion, ventilation, oxygen consumption, and total kilocalories were all measured on 21 males and 20 females while using the Simply Fit Board and Ab Rocket Twister for 10 minutes at 75% of their age predicted maximal heart rates. At post-testing, each subject completed the Perception of Exercise Experience questionnaire. A repeated measures ANOVA in IMB SPSS was used to analyze the cardiorespiratory responses and their differences across gender. RESULTS: Between the two products there was a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05) between all of the test variables except VO2 and total kilocalories. The results across gender also showed that there were significant differences in VO2 and total kilocalories. The post-test questionnaire showed that the Simply Fit Board was more enjoyable than the Ab Rocket Twister. CONCLUSION: The data collected displayed that the subjects preferred the Simply Fit Board over the Ab Rocket Twister; however, both products burned the same amount of calories.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2017/1002/thumbnail.jp

An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Brief Guided Meditation

Meditation has many benefits for reducing stress and anxiety, by inducing a relaxation response. It is unclear how guided meditation compares to other forms of relaxation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine if a guided meditation mp3 is as effective as other methods of relaxation. METHODS: Skin conductance and breaths per minute were measured on 30 male and female adults while reading, meditating, and watching a video, each on three different occasions. Prior to the study each participant rated their psychological state of being using questionnaire styled scales. A repeated measures ANOVA and a related measure nonparametric test in IMB SPSS were used to analyze the physiological and psychological responses across subjects. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05) between the book and meditation in GSR and respiration rate. A significant difference (p \u3c 0.05) was found between the book and video in physiological state and in respiration rate. There was also a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05) between the meditation and video in physiological state, GSR, and respiration rate. The DASS and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory tests showed that the anxiety, stress, and depression rates of each participant did not affect the testing modalities.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2017/1000/thumbnail.jp

A novel assay for analysis of the regulation of the function of human osteoclasts

BACKGROUND: Very little is known of the regulation of the function of human osteoclasts, largely due to the virtual impossibility of obtaining human osteoclasts ex vivo. It has recently become possible to generate human osteoclasts in vitro, by incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). However, the assays at present available do not distinguish clearly between the distinct effects of agents on differentiation and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a novel assay for resorptive function of human osteoclasts that minimizes inter-assay variability by using each culture as its own baseline, and that minimizes the confounding effects of agents on differentiation by assessing resorptive function over a short test period. In this assay, the development of resorptive activity is monitored in sample cultures. When resorption is underway, bone resorption (measured as the release of the C-terminal telopeptide degradation product of type I collagen (CTX-I) into the supernatant) is compared before vs after incubation for 1–24 h in test agent. RESULTS: Using this assay, we found that changes in bone resorption could be detected using substantially fewer cultures per variable. Moreover, we could detect effects of agents on resorption within 1 h of addition, a time sufficiently short that a change in release is likely to reflect an effect on function rather than on differentiation. CONCLUSION: The assay makes it possible to distinguish the effects of agents on osteoclastic function, independent of their effects on differentiation

Dynamic Data Driven Methods for Self-aware Aerospace Vehicles

A self-aware aerospace vehicle can dynamically adapt the way it performs missions by gathering information about itself and its surroundings and responding intelligently. Achieving this DDDAS paradigm enables a revolutionary new generation of self-aware aerospace vehicles that can perform missions that are impossible using current design, flight, and mission planning paradigms. To make self-aware aerospace vehicles a reality, fundamentally new algorithms are needed that drive decision-making through dynamic response to uncertain data, while incorporating information from multiple modeling sources and multiple sensor fidelities.In this work, the specific challenge of a vehicle that can dynamically and autonomously sense, plan, and act is considered. The challenge is to achieve each of these tasks in real time executing online models and exploiting dynamic data streams–while also accounting for uncertainty. We employ a multifidelity approach to inference, prediction and planning an approach that incorporates information from multiple modeling sources, multiple sensor data sources, and multiple fidelities