A Political Ecology of Copper Production and Environmental Degradation In Zambia

Zambia has been producing copper for more than a century. Over the past three decades, the country has attracted large scale investments within the mining sector making it one the formidable destination for investment in Africa. However, the relationship between copper production and environmental degradation is intrinsically linked and further hampered by socioeconomic, political and developmental factors.The case of Zambia is used to empirically validate and authenticate how environmental management resulting from copper production has adversely affected the country. The nation\u27s copper production was initially under private ownership in the colonial era; Post Independence, nationalization of copper production was initiated with various environmental protection initiatives introduced; nonetheless, copper ownership reverted into private hands during the movement towards privatization in the 1990s. Under both tenure modalities, the result of historical relics of copper mining has impacted the environment and health of surrounding communities giving rise to increases in disease prevalence and environmental waste. This study examines the environmental results of copper production on the copper belt province townships using a political ecology theory. The method is then used to propose policy change recommendations through the various study findings to enhance better environmental protection mechanisms and to minimize environmental degradation in Zambia

Ethno-Regionalism, politics and the role of religion in Zambia: Changing Ecumenical landscapes in a Christian nation, 2015-2018

This contribution explores the interaction between religion and politics in a religiously plural and ethnically multidimensional Zambian context. Given the political salience of both religion and ethnicity in Zambian politics, this research locates an understudied aspect in the discourse on religion and politics in Zambia, namely the multiple relations between religion, ethnicity and politics. It specifically offers a historical-theological analysis of the implications that the political mobilisation of religion has for ecumenism in Zambia since Edgar Chagwa Lungu became the country’s president (2015-2018). Underlining the church-dividing potential of non-theological (doctrinal) factors, the article argues that the ‘political mobilisation of religion’ and the ‘pentecostalisation of Christianity’ in Zambia are reshaping the country’s ecumenical landscapes. Accordingly, this contribution posits the significance of ecumenical consciousness among churches and argues for a contextual ecumenical ecclesiology

Investigating the influence of electrolyte composition on electrodeposition in copper electrowinning

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The major concern in copper electrowinning is to deposit smooth, dense, pure copper at high current efficiency and low energy consumption. Electrolyte physicochemical propertiesnamely density, diffusion coefficients and conductivity affect the mass transfer and energy consumption in the cell. These properties are dependent on electrolyte composition. Control of growth and structure of the deposit determines the deposit morphology/smoothness and is strongly dependent on the current distribution over the cathode surface. The study investigated the influence of electrolyte composition on copper deposition via consideration of electrolyte physicochemical properties and current distribution in the cell. The electrolyte components were copperions, sulphuric acid, iron ionsand polyacrylamide(PAM)additive. The effect of other factors such as cell/electrode alignment on current distribution cannot be ignored, but were beyond the scopeof study, therefore were kept constant.The research approach was divided into two stages: establishing the relationship of electrolyte composition to physicochemical properties and modelling a copper electrodeposition process to predict current distribution at the cathode surface. A 5 factor, 2 and 3 level design of experiment was performed to determine the effect of copper (35 and 45 g/l), sulphuric acid (160 and 180 g/l), iron (1, 3 and 6 g/l), PAM additive (2, 5 and 10 mg/l) and temperature (45 and 55°C) on electrolyte density, conductivity and diffusion coefficient in synthetic copper electrowinning electrolytes. Density and conductivity were measured using a pycnometer and conductivity meter respectively. Diffusion coefficients were determined from the limiting current using linear sweep voltammetry.COMSOL Multiphysics, a finite element software was used to generate an electrowinning model for predicting current distribution at the cathode surface. Experiments were conducted for model validation. The current density was determined from deposit thickness by applying Faraday’s law. The results showed that increase in copper, acid, and iron concentration increased density but decreased iffusion coefficient. Conductivity improved with addition of acid but reduced with addition of metallic elements (copper, iron). The polyacrylamide additive had no effect on the properties. It was suggested that the addition of high atomic weight (copper, iron) elements increased density whilst impeding the movement of ions in the electrolyte whereas hydrogen ions improved electrolyte conductivity. Mathematical correlations for each property as a function of electrolyte composition were developed and were supported by previous studies.The copper electrowinning model predicted outputs such as species concentration and current distribution. Model and experimental current distribution compared well with each other. High current densities were observed near the cathode top and bottom with relatively uniform distribution at the cathode centre. This was attributed to the mass transfer phenomena, which facilitated less resistive path of ions in these regions. The model under-predicted the current density magnitude likely due to model limitations. The influence of electrolyte composition on current distribution profile was minimal, the effect was primarily on the magnitude of current density. Experimental and modelled current density both slightly increased with increase in copper concentration whereas variation in acid concentration caused a slight increase only in experimental current density, the modelled current density values remained the same.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot kommer in koperelektroherwinning is om gladde, digte, suiwer koper by hoë stroom effektiwiteit en lae energiegebruik te deponeer. Elektroliet fisikochemiese eienskappe, genaamd digtheid, diffusie koëffisiënte en geleidingsvermoë, affekteer die massa-oordrag en energie gebruik in die sel. Hierdie eienskappe is afhanklik van elektrolietkomposisie. Beheer oor groei en struktuur van die deposito bepaal die deposito morfologie/gladheid en is grootliks afhanklik van die stroomdistribusie oor die katode-oppervlak.Die studie het die invloed van elektrolietkomposisie op koperdeponering ondersoek via oorweging van elektroliet fisikochemiese eienskappe en stroomdistribusie in die sel. Die elektrolietkomponente was koperione, swaelsuur, ysterione en poliakrielamied-(PAM) bymiddel. Die effek van ander faktore soos sel-/elektrodebelyning op stroomdistribusie kan nie geïgnoreer word nie, maar is buite die bestek van die studie, en is daarom konstant gehou. Die navorsingsbenadering is verdeel in twee stadiums: die bepaling van die verhouding tussen elektrolietkomposisie en fisikochemiese eienskappe, en modellering van ’n koperelektrodeponeringsproses om stroomdistribusie by die katode-oppervlak te voorspel. ’n 5-faktor, 2-en 3-vlak ontwerp van eksperiment is uitgevoer om die effek van koper (35 en 45 g/l), swaelsuur (160 en 180 g/l), yster (1, 3 en 6 g/l) PAM-bymiddel (2,5 en 10 mg/l) en temperatuur (45 en 55 °C) op elektrolietdigtheid, geleidingsvermoë en diffusiekoëffisiënt in sintetiese koper elektroherwinning elektroliete te bepaal. Digtheid en geleidingsvermoë is gemeet deur ’n piknometer en geleidingsvermoëmeter onderskeidelik te gebruik. Diffusiekoëffisiënte is bepaal uit die beperkte stroom deur liniêre stryk voltammetrie te gebruik. COMSOL Multiphysics, ’n eindige element sagteware is gebruik om ’n elektroherwinningmodel te genereer om stroomdistribusie by die katode-oppervlak te voorspel. Eksperimente is uitgevoer vir modelvalidasie. Die stroomdigtheid is bepaal uit depositodigtheid deur Faraday se wet toe te pas.Die resultate het gewys dat verhoging in koper-, suur-en ysterkonsentrasie digtheid verhoog het, maar die diffusiekoëffisiënt verlaag het. Geleidingsvermoë het verbeter met byvoeging van suur maar verlaag met byvoeging van metaalelemente (koper, yster). Die PAM-bymiddel het geen effek op die eienskappe gehad nie. Dis voorgestel dat die byvoeging van hoë atomiese gewig-(koper, yster) elemente digtheid verhoog het terwyl die beweging van ione in die elektroliet belemmer is, waar waterstofione elektrolietgeleidingsvermoë verbeter het. Wiskundige korrelasies vir elke eienskap as ’n funksie van elektrolietkomposisie isontwikkel en ondersteun deur vorige studies.Die koperelektroherwinningmodel het uitsette soos spesiekonsentrasie en stroomdistribusie voorspel. Model en eksperimentele stroomdistribusie het goed vergelyk met mekaar. Hoë stroomdigthede is waargeneem naby die katode se bokant en onderkant met relatiewe uniforme distribusie by die katode se vimiddel. Dis toegeskryf aan die massa-oordragfenomeen, wat ʼn laer weerstandpad van ione in hierdie streke gefasiliteer het. Die model het die stroomdigtheidgrootte ondervoorspel, waarskynlik as gevolg van modelbeperkinge.Die invloed van elektrolietkomposisie op stroomdistribusieprofiel was minimaal, die effek was primêr op die grootte van stroomdigtheid. Eksperimentele en gemodelleerde stroomdigtheid het beide effens verhoog met verhoging in koperkonsentrasie, waar variasie in suurkonsentrasie ’n effense verhoging slegs in eksperimentele stroomdigtheid veroorsaak het, die gemodelleerde stroomdigtheidwaardes het dieselfde gebly.Master

Manipulating morphological traits of cassava to enhance host plant resistance and biological control of cassava green mite in Zambia.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.Understanding direct and indirect defense mechanisms that enhance host plant resistance (HPR) and biological control is critical for successful development of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Cassava green mite (CGM) (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar (Acari: Tetranychidae)) is a major arthropod pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Africa. Strategies to control CGM include HPR and biological control by use of exotic natural enemies particularly the predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The success of the latter depends on continuous survival of the natural enemy which requires suitable host plants and weather conditions. Various plant morphological traits have been recognized as indirect defense mechanisms that enhance HPR to CGM, and/or attract T. aripo in cassava. It was envisaged that integration of HPR and classical biological control approaches through manipulation of such indirect defense traits would lead to a more sustainable management of CGM in view of anticipated climate change. Lack of information on farmers’ perception of CGM and preferred varietal attributes, and gene action controlling the inheritance of CGM resistance also limits success of resistance breeding and adoption of varieties. This research was undertaken to gather information on farmers’ perceptions of cassava varietal attributes and cultural practices in relation to CGM resistance, identify suitable sources of resistance and environments for future breeding; and to determine the nature of gene action controlling CGM resistance and the inheritance of plant morphological traits that enhance the ability of cassava to host and support continuous survival of natural enemies. High fresh storage root yield (FSRY), high storage root dry mass percentage (SRDM%), earliness combined with extended underground storability, and resistance to foliar pests and diseases are the major factors that influence adoption and retention of genotypes by farmers. Moles, termites and CGM are the most widespread and most damaging pests. However, due to the non-conspicuous nature of CGM, its effects are under-estimated and are given limited attention by farmers. The majority of the farmers are familiar with CGM leaf damage symptoms but they cannot associate them with the actual pest. Participation of farmers in field training and field research activities helps them to know CGM. Crop rotation, intercropping, removal of shoot tips, selective pruning of infested shoots, and burning of cassava fields are some of the ways used by farmers to manage CGM. Farmers associate hairy broad-leaved, tall cassava genotypes and pink leaf pigmentation (anthocyanin) with low CGM damage. There is substantial genetic variability in the Zambian cassava germplasm for CGM resistance and associated plant morphological traits such as leaf pubescence (Pbs), leaf retention (LR), stay green (SG), tip size (TS), tip compactness, and plant height (PH), stem diameter (StD), SRDM% and FSRY. Genotypes with wide or specific adaptability for these traits have been identified, and should be recommended for general or localized production and for use as sources of desired genes in crop improvement. Genotypes L9.304/147, 92/000, TME2, 4(2)1425, I60/42 and L9.304/175 combine wide adaptability with high levels of resistance to CGM. Genotypes Kapeza, L9.304/147 and 4(2)1425 are able to produce 13-15 t ha ¯¹ at 9 months after planting suggesting their potential for early bulking. This study has shown that both additive and non-additive gene effects play a role in the expression of CGM resistance and associated plant morphological traits. The best combinations of parents for resistance against CGM were 4(2)1425 x L9.304/147 and Mweru x L9.304/147, while L9.304/147 x I92/000 displayed combined resistance to CGM and cassava mosaic disease (CMD). The resistance of cassava to CGM is positively correlated with Pbs, LR, and TS, SG, PH, StD. Overall, the study has shown that there is wide diversity in the expression of valuable indirect defense traits among genotypes, indicating that there is scope for integration of biological control and host plant resistance for CGM in Zambia. The release of genotypes that exhibit high level of intra-season and inter-season stability for enhanced expression of LR, SG, and Pbs will minimize the impact of CGM on FSRY and SRDM% that results from seasonal effects. Such genotypes should also provide habitat for and thus help to ensure the survival of T. aripo in cassava fields. The study has contributed to the promotion of food security through identification of early-bulking genotypes which also have good potential for extended underground storability of roots. Early-bulking, high FSRY and SRDM% and SRR resistance are farmer-preferred traits. Therefore, enhancement of such traits through plant breeding is likely to increase the adoption of new genotypes by farmers

MAKING A CASE ON SOCIAL INTERACTION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A STUDY OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS OF LUSAKA, ZAMBIA

Parenting a child is a challenging experience let alone parenting a child with a disability. The nature of the disability in a child goes with its complexity and it often puts parenting skills to the test. This study explores the experiences on social interactions of parents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in selected compounds of Lusaka, Zambia. The study used an interpretative phenomenological framework supported by qualitative approach. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. Non-probability criterion purposive sampling procedure was used to select participants. The sample size comprised of 10 parents with children with ASD. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that parents had unique experiences in raising their children with ASD. These included; inadequate information on ASD; lack of support services; miscommunications between parents and children with ASD; stigmatization; lack of adequate sleeping time and negative attitude towards parents and their children with ASD. It was evident from the study that parents require supportive services including counselling to enable them to deal with the complexities that emanate from parenting children with ASD. In view of these the study recommended increased awareness on ASD; development, promotion and regular evaluation of intervention strategies parents use aimed at improving the daily lives of parents and their children with ASD in the study sites.  Article visualizations

Ecclesiology and ethics: An analysis of the history of the All Africa Conference of Churches (1963 - 2013)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study entails an historical investigation of how the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC) has addressed the ecumenical tension between ecclesiology and ethics in its history between 1963 and 2013. The study is arguably the first comprehensive analysis of the history of the AACC focussing on ecclesiology and ethics and will therefore make an original contribution to ecumenical theology in Africa in this regard. The study argues that the tension between what the church is (read: ecclesiology) and what it does (read: ethics) has undeniably been present in the ecumenical movement in Africa. The study is situated within two concentric contexts. Firstly, it is located within the context of the WCC study project on ecclesiology and ethics that was conducted during the period 1992 to 1996 and will contribute to wider discourse in this regard. The WCC project was an attempt to bridge a deep divide in the ecumenical movement between those who emphasise that the way to unity is through doctrinal agreement and those who believe that “doctrine divides” while a common moral cause (service) may unite. Secondly, this study is aimed at discerning how the AACC has addressed the relationship between the theological quest for unity (read: ecclesiology) and the social responsibility of the church (read: ethics). The study examines how the AACC assisted its member churches to respond to contemporary challenges in three distinct periods in recent African history, namely the periods of decolonisation (1963-1974), development (1975-1992) and neo-liberal globalisation (1993-2013). The hypothesis of this study is that these periods correlate with the AACC’s ways of negotiating the tension between ecclesiology and ethics. The study argues that although the AACC has privileged the social agenda of the church in society (read: ethics), the ecumenical quest for ecclesial unity (read: ecclesiology) has not been completely absent. While the study acknowledges that the tension between ecclesiology and ethics is not easily resolved, it affirms that these two ecumenical concerns are inseparable. The study therefore suggests an appropriation of the African notion of ubuntu as a horizon for ecclesiology and ethics. The intuition behind the proposal is that ubuntu resonates with biblical notions of koinonia and diakonia and is thus an apt notion for an articulation of the interconnectedness between ecclesiology and ethics. The study is divided into two parts, comprising eight chapters. The first part covers four chapters in which I offer an historical background to the modern ecumenical movement, an analysis of the ecclesiology and ethics debate in the wider ecumenical context and a brief institutional history of the AACC. The second part of the study comprises three chapters. Therein, I present a critical analysis of the AACC’s handling of the tension between ecclesiology and ethics in the period 1963-2013. Each chapter describes and analyses the various ways in which the AACC addressed the tension between the theological quest for the visible unity of the church on the one hand (read: ecclesiology) and the social responsibility of the church (read: ethics) on the other in specific socio-historical contexts. The hypothesis of the study is confirmed on the basis of such analysis. This study contributes to discourse in African theology on authenticity (read: ecclesiology) as expressed in theologies of inculturation and indigenisation and on social relevance (read: ethics) as expressed in theologies of liberation and reconstruction. It further contributes to academic reflection on the history of the ecumenical movement in Africa and the quest for an appropriate ecumenical vision on the African continent amidst the tensions between mainline churches, independent churches (AICs) and a variety of Pentecostal churches and the many social challenges that churches have to address.Sakupapa, T.C. (2017). Ecclesiology and ethics: An analysis of the history of the All Africa Conference of Churches (1963 - 2013). PhD thesis. University of the Western Cape. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/553

Socio-demographic, household food security and nutritional status of older (> 50 y) women from rural Zambian communities: A descriptive study

Socio-demographic factors and household food insecurity are considered to influence the nutritional status of older women. The rapidly growing  elderly population in Africa is a concern particularly in sustaining their health and nutritional status. In spite of this, there is a scarcity of information  in older Zambian women and this study aimed to assess the socio-demographic factors, nutritional status and household food  insecurity status of older women in rural Zambian communities. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Twatasha compound of Kitwe and  Ndeke community of Ndola. The socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and household food security  were evaluated in a convenience sample of 153 older women (≥ 50 years) through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). IBM SPSS  version 26 was used for descriptive (frequencies, means and standard deviations, and medians with interquartile frequencies) and inferential  (bivariate and Spearman correlations) statistical analyses. The socio-demographic characteristics showed that almost all (98.7%) of the participants  had other members of the family residing with them. Most participants (57%) had attained primary school education, 19% had secondary education  and 5% had college education. Almost half (49%) of the participants did not report their employment status and 36% reported to be unemployed.  Over-nutrition was most prevalent (37.3% overweight and 39.8% obese) while 20.9 % and 2.0% of the respondents were normal weight and  underweight respectively. The median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) dietary intakes showed inadequate intakes for most nutrients, except for  carbohydrates (170 g [133;225]). The total fat intake represented 14% of total energy intake. The majority (86.0%) of the participants were identified  as severely food insecure while only 6.0% were food secure. The majority of the participants (80-90%) used at least seven out of the nine behavioural  responses to food insecurity. The findings show resource-poor and severely food insecure communities. We recommended urgent  interventions to improve access to healthy foods (such as home gardening projects) and promote healthy dietary habits (including nutrition  education).&nbsp

Clustering and incubation in Africa’s small business development: some experiences and lessons

Magister Economicae - MEconThere is a general recognition and acceptance that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are important contributors to social and economic development. However, in Africa which hosts many developing economies, SMEs must endure numerous challenges that tend to repress small enterprise development. Formal cluster development programmes have been identified as one progressive way of assisting SMEs to overcome the obstacles. It involves deliberately instituting and supporting small enterprise clusters. Although this idea of formal clustering of firms is relatively new to Africa, cluster development programmes are increasingly taking the form of small business incubation. Business incubation essentially aims to provide a systematic method of rendering business support services to fledgling small businesses to help them continually rise above market challenges and thrive. Some governments in Africa have embraced the notion and are incorporating plans into their local economic development (LED) programmes to enhance small business development through incubation. Countries like South Africa, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria have amongst the most conspicuous incubator programmes and cluster experiences on the African continent. This study interrogates the effectiveness of and hence the scope for formal business incubation or rigid clustering programmes in Africa. It assesses examples of both rigid and flexible clusters in a few African countries in order to identify their main differences and to thus establish some critical areas of business clustering needed for useful small and medium enterprise development in Africa. Upon reviewing case study literature, it is observed that formal incubation programmes are likely to be less effective in creating new SMEs compared to the more flexible clusters in Africa. Rigid clusters also tend to rely heavily on state funding, are more subjected to political interference, are prone to expansion capacity constraints, and are unlikely to sustain themselves financially in the long run. The study notes that rigid clustering mainly favours a high-tech environment. Hence, incubation programmes may be more suitable for advanced economies. For low-tech industries, on the other hand, formal business incubation may be inappropriate

Factors associated with mortality from childhood malaria in Navrongo DSS Site, Ghana, 1995-2000

ABSTRACT: Background: Malaria is endemic throughout Ghana and continues to be a major public health concern especially among pregnant women and children under the age of five. The Ministry of Health (MoH) estimates that over the past ten years, there have been 2-3 million cases of malaria each year, representing 40 percent of outpatient cases, while severe malaria accounts for 33-36 percent of in-patients. Malaria also accounts for 25 percent of the deaths in children under the age of five (GHS, 2001). Correct identification of risk factors could focus interventions at reducing malaria mortality in children. Demographic Surveillance System (DSS) sites have been established and they generate high quality population based longitudinal health and demographic data. The DSS conduct Verbal Autopsies to determine probable causes of death. Objective: This study examines factors affecting childhood malaria mortality in Northern Ghana, using longitudinal data collected by the Navrongo DSS during the period 1995- 2000. It deals especially with the role of socioeconomic factors (mother’s education, family wealth index based on the possessions and housing characteristics and residence, and possession of bed net) and the demographic characteristics (child’s sex and age, and mother’s age). Design: Secondary data analysis of longitudinal data collected by the Navrongo Health Research Centre. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare the relative risk in three groups of children i.e. those who died of Malaria and those who died of other causes to those who survived as base. Results: Overall, for the deaths due to malaria, older children (1-5years) had a higher risk (RRR 1.4, 95%CI 1.25-1.57 P <0.0001) of dying compared to the infants. Equally, children born of older mothers (maternal age at birth of child >30 years) had a higher risk (RRR 1.28, 95%CI 1.15-1.42 P <0.0001). However, maternal education and residence had a protective effect, with children born of mothers who had some education (RRR 0.79, 95%CI 0.67-0.93 P=0.004) and residing in urban area (RRR 0.61, 95%CI 0.46-0.82 P=0.001) having a lower risk. Similarly, those children whose families are in the highest wealth index had a lower risk (RRR 0.76, 95%CI 0.63-0.91 P=0.003). Interestingly, the same factors were associated with deaths occurring due to other causes, but with varying degree of association. Whereas sex of child was not associated with malaria deaths, being female offered a lower risk of dying from other causes (RRR 0.9, 95%CI 0.84-0.98 P=0.017). It was observed that children in the older age group (1-5 years) were at higher risk of dying (RRR 1.14, 95%CI 1.05-1.25 P=0.002) just as those born of older mothers (RRR 1.16, 95%CI 1.07-1.26 P <0.0001). Even in this group, maternal education (RRR 0.87, 95%CI 0.76-0.98 P=0.023), a higher wealth index (RR 0.87, 95%CI 0.77-0.99 P=0.032 and RRR 0.63 95%CI 0.54-0.73 P <0.0001 for the two highest categories of wealth indices respectively), and area of residence (RRR 0.67, 95%CI 0.55-0.83 P <0.0001) offered a reduction in the risk of dying. Conclusion: The study identified the risk factors (age and sex of the child and mother’s age, maternal education, wealth and residence of the family) associated with malaria mortality and other causes of death in childhood in northern Ghana and this should help formulate cost effective interventions such as health education

Community case management of malaria using ACT and RDT in two districts in Zambia: achieving high adherence to test results using community health workers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Access to prompt and effective treatment is a cornerstone of the current malaria control strategy. Delays in starting appropriate treatment is a major contributor to malaria mortality. WHO recommends home management of malaria using artemisininbased combination therapy (ACT) and Rapid Diagnostic tests (RDTs) as one of the strategies for improving access to prompt and efective malaria case management.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective evaluation of the effectiveness of using community health workers <b>(</b>CHWs) as delivery points for ACT and RDTs in the home management of malaria in two districts in Zambia.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CHWs were able to manage malaria fevers by correctly interpreting RDT results and appropriately prescribing antimalarials. All severe malaria cases and febrile non-malaria fevers were referred to a health facility for further management. There were variations in malaria prevalence between the two districts and among the villages in each district. 100% and 99.4% of the patients with a negative RDT result were not prescribed an antimalarial in the two districts respectively. No cases progressed to severe malaria and no deaths were recorded during the study period. Community perceptions were positive.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CHWs are effective delivery points for prompt and effective malaria case management at community level. Adherence to test results is the best ever reported in Zambia. Further areas of implementation research are discussed.</p