29 research outputs found

    Dichelia cedricola Diakonoff, a tip moth from Asia Minor, potentially damaging for cedars in France

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    La tordeuse, Dichelia cedricola, est un défoliateur de Cedrus libani en Asie Mineure. Dans cet article, nous faisons le point sur sa répartition géographique, sa biologie et l'importance de ses dégùts. Elle est potentiellement dangereuse pour le CÚdre en France. Des différences biologiques permettent de distinguer les tordeuses consommatrices d'aiguilles recensées à ce jour sur le genre Cedrus dans le bassin méditerranéen

    L’impact des insectes parasites des graines sur les capacitĂ©s de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle des peuplements de cĂšdre de l’Atlas et de sapin pectinĂ© en Languedoc-Roussillon

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    La rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle des peuplements forestiers est soumise Ă  diverses contraintes environnementales, parmi lesquelles, les insectes ravageurs des cĂŽnes et des graines jouent un rĂŽle majeur. Depuis 2004, une Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur des cĂ©draies et sapiniĂšres de la rĂ©gion Languedoc-Roussillon. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que ces insectes peuvent causer des pertes importantes de graines et, localement, l’impact peut ĂȘtre important. Certaines mesures sanitaires et le maintien du suivi des populations de ravageurs sont prĂ©conisĂ©es pour mieux anticiper et limiter l’impact de ces insectes sur la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle des peuplementsNatural regeneration of forest stands is subject to various environmental constraints. Among these, cone and seed insects are often considered the main biotic factor during the pre-dispersal phase. Since 2004, we have estimated the impact of these pests in 11 Atlas cedar and 11 fir stands in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. The results show that these insects can cause a significant loss of seeds that would otherwise contribute to stand regeneration. Indeed, seed pests of the genus Megastigmus were responsible for the loss of 13% and 9% of the seeds in fir and Atlas cedar stands, respectively. Locally, the impact of these insects can be substantial, reaching 34% of the yearly seed production in some fir stands and 39% in Atlas cedar stands. Considering individual trees, up to 85% of the seeds can be infested, which equates to a nearly complete loss of regenerative potential for a given tree in the year of the infestation. Mixed stands appear to be more infested than pure stands. This study has also demonstrated the host transfer capacity of a seed insect from true cedar to fir. This transfer, along with the possibility of the invasion of Languedoc-Roussillon true cedar stands by a seed insect recently introduced in the neighboring region, illustrates a dynamic system whose evolution is hard to predict. Some pest management measures and the maintenance of population surveys are suggested to better anticipate and limit the impact of these insects on stand regeneratio

    Chemical integration of myrmecophilous guests in Aphaenogaster ant nests

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    Social insect nests provide a safe and favourable shelter to many guests and parasites. In Aphaenogaster senilis nests many guests are tolerated. Among them we studied the chemical integration of two myrmecophile beetles, Sternocoelis hispanus (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Chitosa nigrita (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and a silverfish. Silverfishes bear low quantities of the host hydrocarbons (chemical insignificance), acquired probably passively, and they do not match the colony odour. Both beetle species use chemical mimicry to be accepted; they have the same specific cuticular hydrocarbon profile as their host. They also match the ant colony odour, but they keep some specificity and can be recognised by the ants as a different element. Sternocoelis are always adopted in other conspecific colonies of A. senilis with different delays. They are adopted in the twin species A. iberica but never in A. simonellii or A. subterranea. They are readopted easily into their mother colony after an isolation of different durations until one month. After isolation they keep their hydrocarbons quantity, showing that they are able to synthesize them. Nevertheless, their profile diverges from the host colony, indicating that they adjust it in contact with the hosts. This had never been demonstrated before in myrmecophile beetles. We suggest that the chemical mimicry of Sternocoelis is the result of a coevolution with A. senilis with a possible cleaning symbiosis. Copyright © 2012 Alain Lenoir et al.Peer Reviewe

    Un nouveau parasite dans les forĂȘts de cĂšdre de l’Atlas : La cochenille des aiguilles Dynaspidiotus regnieri

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    In 2012, a white cochineal 2.5 cm long was detected on the needles of Atlas cedar in a forest stand in the village of Antonaves (Hautes-Alpes, Eastern France). The species was Dynaspidiotus regnieri, little known up to then in France. Originally from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), it was recorded in 1983 in Spain (Segovia) where it caused the death of several saplings. In the Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d’Azur region (S.-E. France), it has since been recorded in the mountain areas of the Ventoux, the Luberon and the Vaucluse as well as in the Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, the Bouches-du-RhĂŽne (Aix-en-Provence) and in the Var. This article first gives a rundown of the main parasites affecting the cedar and the cochineals occurring on the Cedrus genus then provides an update on the data observed and known at present: origin, description, biology, damage caused, localisation... Thus the detection of this new parasite, for which biological data is fairly limited and whose impact on plant health in France remains unknown, highlights the need for increased monitoring in Atlas cedar stands.En 2012, une cochenille blanche de 2,5 mm de longueur a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e sur les aiguilles de cĂšdres de l’Atlas dans un peuplement forestier sur la commune d’Antonaves (Hautes-Alpes). Cette cochenille est Dynaspidiotus regnieri, espĂšce jusqu’alors mĂ©connue en France. Originaire du Maghreb (Maroc, AlgĂ©rie), elle a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e en 1983 en Espagne (SĂ©govie) oĂč elle avait entraĂźnĂ© la mortalitĂ© de quelques jeunes sujets. En rĂ©gion Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d’Azur, elle a depuis Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans les massifs du Ventoux, du Luberon, des Monts de Vaucluse et Ă©galement dans les Hautes-Alpes, les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, les Bouches-du-RhĂŽne (Aix-en-Provence) et dans le Var. AprĂšs avoir rappelĂ© les principaux parasites des cĂšdres et les cochenilles prĂ©sentes sur le genre Cedrus, cet article fait le point sur les donnĂ©es connues et observĂ©es Ă  ce jour : origine, description, biologie, dĂ©gĂąts, localisation... La dĂ©tection de ce nouveau parasite, pour lequel les donnĂ©es biologiques sont succinctes et dont on ne connaĂźt pas l’impact phytosanitaire en France, nĂ©cessite donc la surveillance accrue des peuplements de cĂšdres de l’Atlas

    Un nouveau parasite dans les forĂȘts de cĂšdre de l’Atlas : La cochenille des aiguilles Dynaspidiotus regnieri

    No full text
    In 2012, a white cochineal 2.5 cm long was detected on the needles of Atlas cedar in a forest stand in the village of Antonaves (Hautes-Alpes, Eastern France). The species was Dynaspidiotus regnieri, little known up to then in France. Originally from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), it was recorded in 1983 in Spain (Segovia) where it caused the death of several saplings. In the Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d’Azur region (S.-E. France), it has since been recorded in the mountain areas of the Ventoux, the Luberon and the Vaucluse as well as in the Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, the Bouches-du-RhĂŽne (Aix-en-Provence) and in the Var. This article first gives a rundown of the main parasites affecting the cedar and the cochineals occurring on the Cedrus genus then provides an update on the data observed and known at present: origin, description, biology, damage caused, localisation... Thus the detection of this new parasite, for which biological data is fairly limited and whose impact on plant health in France remains unknown, highlights the need for increased monitoring in Atlas cedar stands.En 2012, une cochenille blanche de 2,5 mm de longueur a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e sur les aiguilles de cĂšdres de l’Atlas dans un peuplement forestier sur la commune d’Antonaves (Hautes-Alpes). Cette cochenille est Dynaspidiotus regnieri, espĂšce jusqu’alors mĂ©connue en France. Originaire du Maghreb (Maroc, AlgĂ©rie), elle a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©e en 1983 en Espagne (SĂ©govie) oĂč elle avait entraĂźnĂ© la mortalitĂ© de quelques jeunes sujets. En rĂ©gion Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d’Azur, elle a depuis Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans les massifs du Ventoux, du Luberon, des Monts de Vaucluse et Ă©galement dans les Hautes-Alpes, les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, les Bouches-du-RhĂŽne (Aix-en-Provence) et dans le Var. AprĂšs avoir rappelĂ© les principaux parasites des cĂšdres et les cochenilles prĂ©sentes sur le genre Cedrus, cet article fait le point sur les donnĂ©es connues et observĂ©es Ă  ce jour : origine, description, biologie, dĂ©gĂąts, localisation... La dĂ©tection de ce nouveau parasite, pour lequel les donnĂ©es biologiques sont succinctes et dont on ne connaĂźt pas l’impact phytosanitaire en France, nĂ©cessite donc la surveillance accrue des peuplements de cĂšdres de l’Atlas

    Biology and ecology of Elatophilus nigricornis Zetterstedt (Hemiptera Anthocoridae) predator of Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Homoptera Matsucoccidae) in the South-East of France

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    The pine scale Matsucoccus feytaudi was accidentally introduced into the maritime pine stands of the Maure and EstĂ©rel Forests. It is the primary cause of the dieback of 120 000 ha stands and its specialist predator Elatophilus nigricornis has been studied. It is possible to maintain and raise it in laboratory conditions but its output is not prolific enough to envisage propagation which would allow it to be released in natural conditions. When raised in laboratory conditions the time required for its development (table II) and fecundity have been determined. In natural conditions, nymphs develop in trunk bark cracks, adults mate, but females insert eggs in needles. The population of the eggs is distributed according to two gradients: a decreasing gradient from the bottom to the top of the trees and a decreasing gradient from the trunk to the extremities of the branches (figures 3 and 4). The distribution of its nymph populations on the trunk and branches is different before (figure 5) and after (figures 6 and 7) the invasion of M. feytaudi. In reality, the distribution of the predator nymph populations always coincides with that of its host even when that of the latter changes. E. nigricornis produces at least three generations a year (one for M. feytaudi) and overwinters at the fertilized female stage (figures 1 and 2). Two sampling methods have allowed us to estimate the population levels which have developed during (figure 8 ; table III ; IV) and after the pine scale invasion (figures 9 and 10, table V). Even when there was widespread destruction of the trees attacked due to the action of the xylophagous, there is a link between the size of the E. nigricornis populations on the trees and the capacity of the tree to survive. In stands where more than half the trees survived it was found that in 6 years the level of weekly captures was multiplied by 26 (figure 9). Finally, on regeneration trees which replaced the old stands that had been destroyed or felled, the population levels are 3 times greater (figure 10).Biologie et Ă©cologie d'Elatophilus nigricornis Zetterstedt (Hemiptera Anthocoridae) prĂ©dateur de Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Homoptera Matsucoccidae) dans le Sud-Est de la France. Les pullulations de la cochenille Matsucoccus feytaudi, introduite accidentellement dans les peuplements de pins maritimes des Maures et l'EstĂ©rel, ont entraĂźnĂ© le dĂ©veloppement de son prĂ©dateur Elatophilus nigricornis. Il est possible de maintenir E. nigricornis en Ă©levage au laboratoire mais son rendement ne permet pas d'envisager sa multiplication pour effectuer des enrichissements dans les conditions naturelles. La durĂ©e de son dĂ©veloppement et sa fĂ©conditĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©cisĂ©es. Sur le terrain, il vit dans les fissures des Ă©corces des troncs et des branches. Les femelles dĂ©posent ses Ɠufs dans les aiguilles. La rĂ©partition de ses pontes est dĂ©crite et interprĂ©tĂ©e. Il prĂ©sente trois gĂ©nĂ©rations par an, alors que M. feytaudi n'en a qu'une, et passe l'hiver au stade de femelle fĂ©condĂ©e. Deux mĂ©thodes d'Ă©chantillonnage ont permis d'estimer ses populations : elles sont en trĂšs bonne coĂŻncidence spatiale avec celles de son hĂŽte ; mĂȘme quand la rĂ©partition de ce dernier sur l'arbre change ; elles sont plus Ă©levĂ©es sur les arbres survivants et surtout sur les arbres issus de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rations naturelles qui se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©s aprĂšs la destruction des peuplements initiaux. En dĂ©finitive E. nigricornis est un prĂ©dateur sur les pins trĂšs spĂ©cialisĂ© sur Matsucoccus

    How to invade a Mediterranean forest ecosystem ? A lesson from seed insects in French Cedrus atlantica (Pinaceae) forests

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    Worldwide exchange of tree materials is a major factor favouring insects’ invasions in forest ecosystems through considerable extensions of their distribution ranges. Here we describe the biological and ecological mechanisms involved in the recent invasion of southeastern French cedar (Cedrus atlantica) stands by the invasive seed predator Megastigmus schimitscheki (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Despite the presence of resident direct competitor (M. pinsapinis), French M. schimitscheki populations display a continuous increase in abundance due to multiple adequations of its life cycle with its new environment. Specifically, adults emergence is well synchronized with the timing of cedar’s fructification and interannual variations in resource abundance may be counterbalanced by prolonged diapause, temporally dispersing individuals of a cohort. Adult emergence and realized fecundity in M. schimitscheki were found significantly earlier and higher (respectively) than in M. pinsapinis, suggesting enhanced abilities of M. schimitscheki to exploit local resources compared to M. pinsapinis. Consequently, we observe recurrent local exclusion by the invasive species. Population genetics of M. schimitscheki also suggest high long distance dispersal abilities. Our analysis of key components of both local and regional dynamics of this species shed a critical light on the processes involved in a successful insect invasion in a French Mediterranean ecosyste
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