Brazilian Coffee Quality: Cultural, Microbiological and Bioactivity Aspects

The Brazilian coffee industry attentive to the regrouping of the consumers in relation to the notion of quality of the coffee and that this is depends on multiple determinants one must consider factors that involve the steps from pre-harvest to storageundergoes a deep transformation in all coffee chain. Good practice programs, applied along the productive process has repercussion on the microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics translated by the quality of the final product regarding the sensorial and safety standards. Research has been progressively pursuing the improvement of quality techniques and producers have been proactive in all stages of productivity and industrialization, readily absorbing the new technologies generated by the research. Thus, production standards have been designed according to the world demands of quality in a holistic way that involves in addition to the quality of the final product, the quality of the activity by socio-environmental aspects

Análise multivariada de características sensoriais de grãos de café de cultivares (Coffea arabica L.) na região do alto Paranaíba

This study aimed to examine the sensory characteristics of the grains of 21 cultivars of Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre from the essays of genetic improvement of EPAMIG, located in Patrocínio Municipality, Minas Gerais State, where they were collected through cloths stripping method and washed. Subsequently to dry (11 to 12% moisture b.u.), we obtained the coffee designated as natural. The evaluated varieties were: Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474; Bourbon Vermelho DATERRA; Catiguá MG 1; Catiguá MG 2; Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62; Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15; H 419-3-1-4-2; H 419-6-2 -5-2; H 419-6-2-5-3; H 419-6-2-7-3 Vermelho; H 493-1-2-10; H 514-7-10-1 Vermelho; H 514-7-10-6; H 515-4-2-2; H 518-3-6-1; Icatú Amarelo IAC 3282; Mundo Novo 379-19; Mundo Novo IAC 376-4; Rubi MG 1192; Sacramento MG 1 and Topázio MG 1190, from 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons. The cultivars according to the first principal component with notes above 80 points, regarded as superior drink according to attributes with the highest scores (flavor, sweetness, balance, acidity, clean drink, and aspect) were: Catiguá MG2, Rubi MG 1192, 514-7-10-6 H, H 419-3-1-4-2, H 419-6-2-5-2, 493-1-2-10 H, H 514-7-10-1 Vermelho, Catiguá MG1, Sacramento MG1, 419-6-2-5-3 H, H 515-9-2-2 and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as características sensoriais dos grãos de 21 cultivares de (Coffea arabica L.) provenientes do ensaio de melhoramento genético da Epamig, Fazenda Experimental de Patrocínio, Estado de Minas Gerais. Posteriormente à secagem (11 a 12% de umidade b.u.), obteve-se o café designado como natural. Os frutos avaliados correspondiam às cultivares e progênies Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474; Bourbon Vermelho DATERRA; Catiguá MG 1; Catiguá MG 2; Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62; Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15; H 419-3-1-4-2; H 419-6-2-5-2; H 419-6-2-5-3; H 419-6-2-7-3 Vermelho; H 493-1-2-10; H 514-7-10-1 Vermelho; H 514-7-10-6; H 515-4-2-2; H 518-3-6-1; Icatu Amarelo IAC 3282; Mundo Novo 379-19; Mundo Novo IAC 376-4; Rubi MG 1192; Sacramento MG 1; Topázio MG 1190, das safras 2005/2006 e 2006/2007. As cultivares, em ordem decrescente segundo a primeira componente principal com notas acima de 80 pontos, portanto consideradas como de bebida superior de acordo com os atributos com os maiores escores (sabor, doçura, balanço, acidez, bebida limpa e aspecto), foram: Catiguá MG2, Rubi MG 1192, H 514-7-10-6, H 419-3-1-4-2, H 419-6-2-5-2, H 493-1-2-10, H 514-7-10-1 Vermelho, Catiguá MG1, Sacramento MG1, H 419-6-2-5-3, H 515-9-2-2 e Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62.(FAPEMIG) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Café (INCT

Relação entre a incidência da broca-do-fruto e a fusariose do abacaxi

A field trial was carried out in Piüi, MG, Brazil, to study the efficiency of carbaryl (217 g/100 l) and acephate (75 g/100 l) insecticides when applied alone or in combination with the fungicide captafol (100 ml/100 I), during the flowering period of 'Perola' pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.) plants in order to control the fruit borer (Thecla basalides Geyer 1837) and the fusariosis disease (Fusarium moniliforme Sheld., var. subglutinans Wr. & Rg). Insecticide applications without fungicide were sufficient to decrease significantly the fusariosis incidence in the fruits and the percentage of this incidence was equivalent to that observed when captafol was sprayed alone. Positive correlation index highly significant was also observed between fruit borer damage and fusariosis incidence.Em um experimento de campo realizado em Piüi, MG, estudou-se a eficiência dos inseticidas carbaril (217 g/100 l) e acefato (75 g/100 l), pulverizados isoladamente ou em mistura como fungicida captafol (100 ml/100 l), durante o período de desenvolvimento da inflorescência de abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus Merr.) pertencentes à cultivar Pérola, visando o controle da broca-do-fruto (Thecla basalldes Geyer (1837) e da fusariose (Fusariurn moniliforme Sheld. var. subglutinans Wr. & Rg.) do abacaxi (Ananas comosus Merr.). Os resultados mostraram que houve influência do controle da broca sobre a incidência de fusariose, já que apenas a aplicação dos inseticidas foi suficiente para reduzir significativamente a incidência da doença nos frutos. Tal redução foi equivalente à proporcionada por aplicações de captafol, misturado ou não ao inseticida. Verificou-se, ainda, a existência de correlação positiva e altamente significativa entre a incidência de broca e fusariose

CONDUCTIVITY TO RUST IN COFFEE UNDER DIFFERENT WOODEN AND FRUIT TREE INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS

The coffee intercropping with fruit and wooden species of economic value has been presented as a viable alternative for coffee cultivation in order to mitigate adverse environmental conditions for coffee trees, among other factors. Adapting the crop management to the new conditions stablished by the system is fundamental to obtain success on intercropping. One of the most serious diseases for the crop is the rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix., which may have its severity increased in function of the microclimate conditions provided by the trees. In this sense, the disease behavior under different intercropping systems and consequent different need to adapt the control measures when compared to the cultivation in full sun should be investigated. The present study was conducted aimed to verify the impact of tree systems composed by three wooden species, Cedar (Acrocarpos fraxinifolius), African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis ), Teak (Tectona grandis ) and two species of fruit trees, avocado (Persea Americana) and macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) planted in different spacing over the occurrence and evolution of rust.It was possible to observe that coffee rust began to progress in the coffee plants from the month of February reaching a peak in September in all the treatments. Differences were observed in the progress curves of the disease, especially in the species that presented larger canopy such as avocado. Further studies are suggested with the purpose of establishing the microclimatic changes provided by the cultivation of different wooden and fruit species in intercropping with coffee, according to the dynamics of the climate and their development

Evaluation of antifungal activity of essential oils against potentially mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

The antifungal activity of essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), mint (Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) was evaluated against mycotoxin producers Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. High Resolution Gas Chromatography was applied to analyze chemical constituents of essential oils. The effect of different concentrations of essential oils was determined by solid medium diffusion assay. Mycelial growth and sporulation were determined for each essential oil at the concentrations established by solid medium diffusion assay. At the fifth, seventh and ninth days the mycelial diameter (Ø mm) and spore production were also determined. FUN-1 staining was performed to assess cell viability after broth macrodilution assay. Trans-anethole, zingiberene, menthol and thymol are the major component of essential oils of fennel, ginger, mint and thyme, respectively. The effective concentrations for fennel, ginger, mint and thyme were 50, 80, 50 and 50% (oil/DMSO; v/v), respectively. The four essential oils analysed in this study showed antifungal effect. Additionally, FUN-1 staining showed to be a suitable method to evaluate cell viability of potential mycotoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus after treatment with essential oils.The authors are grateful to the colleagues from Laboratory of EPAMIG and Microbiology DEB/UFLA and the Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Center for Biological Engineering, UMINHO for their support to perform this work. A special aknowledgment is also due to the FAPEMIG and MUM-UMINHO for the financial support of bench work and to CAPES for granting the first author with a PhD scholarship

Polyphasic taxonomy for identification of Aspergillus section Flavi: a review

O gênero Aspergillus é um dos principais grupos de micro-organismos em importância para a indústria, a agricultura e a saúde pública. A mais importante publicação para a identificação e a classificação desse gênero foi baseada em critérios fenotípicos. Entretanto, devido à variabilidade das características fenotípicas, reinvestigações têm sido realizadas. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as principais técnicas utilizadas para identificar e classificar espécies do gênero Aspergillus seção Flavi. Nesse sentido, nossa abordagem integrará a Taxonomia Polifásica pautada nas características micro e macromorfológicas, fisiológicas, na produção de metabólitos, dados moleculares e no uso da espectrometria de massas pela técnica de MALDI-TOF MS.The Aspergillus genre is one of the main groups of microorganisms in terms of relevance to industry, agriculture, and public health. The most important publication concerning this genre identification and classification was based in fenotipic criteria. However, due to the variability of the fenotipic characteristics, new investigations have been made. This work, thus, aims to present the main technics used to identify and classify species of the Aspergillus genre section Flavi. So, our approach will contemplate the Polyphasic Taxonomy based on micro-, macromorphological, and physiological characteristics, as well as on the production of metabolits, molecular data, and on the use of mass spectrometry through the MALDI-TOF MS technic.AGRADECIMENTOS: À FAPEMIG – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) –, pelo apoio financeiro. À Capes – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil) –, pela bolsa de doutorado a F. C. Da Silva e pelo apoio financeiro a C. Santos e N. Lima como Professores Internacionais Visitantes no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras (MG), Brasil.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Avaliação de grau de conformidade visando à inserção dos cafeicultores na certificação e comercio justo (Fair Trade)

The objective of this project was to evaluate producers of the Association of Family Farmers of Santo Antônio do Amparo - Minas Gerais (AFASA) for suitability to the attributes required by fair trade (fair trade) and direct them to certificação.Como a first step of this project was conducted to recognize the current situation of the Association of Coffee Growers of Household Economy of Santo Antonio do Amparo (AFASA) through a situational analysis and then assessed the degree of conformity of the organization and members as to requirements for certifying fair trade by determining the rates of attendance to social, environmental and economic requirements which in turn were evaluated according to a set of parameters or sub-indices. The results were presented in graphs of the radial type, allowing visualization of social, environmental and economic swings. Most of the requirements presented indicators need to improve aiming to meet the standards of fair trade certification. The economic dimension was the one that was more distant from the desirable requirements for the desired certification. Once promoted to the suggested adjustments, the producer group represented by AFASA, will be able to continue in the remaining steps leading to effective fair trade certification.Objetivou-se, neste projeto, avaliar produtores da Associação dos Agricultores Familiares de Santo Antônio do Amparo - Minas Gerais (AFASA), quanto à adequação aos atributos exigidos pelo fair trade (comércio justo) e direcionálos para a certificação. Como uma primeira etapa do presente projeto foi realizado o reconhecimento da situação atual da Associação de Cafeicultores de Economia Familiar de Santo Antônio do Amparo (AFASA) por meio de uma análise situacional e posteriormente foi avaliado o grau de conformidade da organização e dos associados quanto aos requisitos para a certificação fair trade determinando-se os índices de atendimento a requisitos sociais, ambientais e econômicos, os quais por sua vez foram avaliados de acordo com um conjunto de parâmetros ou subíndices. Os resultados foram apresentados em gráficos do tipo radial, permitindo a visualização dos balanços social, ambiental e econômico. A maioria dos requisitos apresentou indicadores de necessidade de melhoria visando ao atendimento das normas de certificação fair trade. A dimensão econômica foi a que se mostrou mais distante dos requisitos desejáveis para a certificação pretendida. Uma vez promovidas às adequações sugeridas, o grupo de produtores representado pela AFASA, estará apto a prosseguir nas demais etapas que conduzem à efetiva certificação fair trade

Effect of curing type on quality of some garlic varieties

Com os objetivos de selecionar cultivares de alho mais adequadas à industrialização e determinar o efeito do tipo de cura na qualidade das mesmas, foram determinados os teores de sólidos totais, óleos essenciais e comerciais, ácido pirúvico, índice industrial, acidez titulável total e açúcares totais, redutores e não redutores das cultivares de alho Gigante de Lavínia, Chonan, Gigante de Inconfidentes, Caçador, Centenário, Amarante, Chinês e Afubra no dia da colheita (zero dia), aos três dias de cura ao sol (três dias) e aos 30 dias de cura à sombra (30 dias). Concluiu-se que: a) a variação nos componentes analisados com a cura foi dependente de cultivares; b) aos 30 dias de cura à sombra destacaram- se as seguintes cultivares: óleo industrial todas as cultivares exceto a "Afubra" apresentaram teores superiores a 30%, óleo essencial - cultivares Chonan e Caçador, ácido pirúvico - Chonan, Caçador, Centenário, Amarante e Chinês apresentaram teores superiores a 40 µmol/g, índice industrial - cultivares Chonan, Caçador, Gigante de Lavínia, Amarante e Chinês apresentaram valores superiores a 15%; c) os açúcares não redutores de todas as cultivares foram superiores aos redutores.It was determined the total solids, essential and industrial oils, piruvic acid, titratable acidity, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars and industrial index values of Gigante Lavínia, Chonan, Gigante Inconfidentes, Amarante, Centenário, Caçador; Chinês and Afubra garlic varieties at harvest day, three days of sun curing and 30 days of shadow curing. The objectives of this work were to sellect the best garlic varieties and to determine the effect of curing type on garlic quality. It was concluded that: a) the changes on quality characteristics with the curing were affected by varieties; b) at 30 days of shadow curing excelled the following varieties: industrial oil - all of varieties except Afubra presented industrial oil content higher than 30%, essential oil - Chonan and Caçador varieties presented the highest values, Piruvic acid - Chonan, Caçador, Centenário, "Amarante" and 'Chinês" varieties presented piruvic acid contents higher than 40 µmol/g, industrial index - Chonan, Caçador, Gigante Lavínia, Amarante and Chinês varieties and index values higher than 15%; c) the non-reducing sugars content were higher than reducing sugars contents